The Liberation Of Gays And Gays - 1214 Words

When the liberation of gays and lesbians movements started, they began to talk about what heterosexuality was. They set up sex and gender as a system based on biological factors such as genitalia. In this system there could only be two genders a man and a women, lesbians went against what had been stated to define what it meant to be a women based on the natural sex organs. Lesbian experience, what they go through in their life is different from the experiences and the life of heterosexual women, and Beauvoir wanted to understand this concept. She wanted to understand how lesbians lived experiences were different, from those lived experience of heterosexual females in the chapter of The Lesbian. Beauvoir doesn’t see heterosexuality as more accurate then homosexuality. Beauvoir believes that, â€Å"homosexuality is no more a deliberate perversion than a fatal curse. It is an attitude that is chosen in situation; it is both motivated and freely adopted† (Beauvoir, 436). She wanted to understand why some people feel the need to explain away homosexuality, but never feel the need to explain heterosexuality. Why can’t it just be their preference, no one who is heterosexual feels the need to explain why they are heterosexual. No one questions it, but those who are homosexual are questioned as to why they are homosexual. What went wrong in their life, did their parents not love them enough? People believe that homosexuality is something that has to be explain, because they see it asShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of The Gay Liberation Movement1627 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough the gay liberation movement had very little impact at that time, it set the stage for bigger and better changes in the future. Since the 1960’s America has added, removed, and adjusted laws against homosexuals. On May 17, 2004, Massachusetts becomes the first state in the United State to legalize same–sex marriage. The Massachusetts Chief Justice concluded, â€Å"t o deny the protections, benefits, and obligations conferred by civil marriage to gay couples was unconstitutional because it deniedRead MoreThe Gay Liberation Movement Of Manhattan, New York City1536 Words   |  7 Pages On June 28, 1969, the Gay Liberation Movement was sparked due to the Stonewall Riot in Manhattan, New York City, (History.com Staff). The Stonewall was a gay club located in New York City. It was often regulated and harassed by police officers but one day the LGBT decided to stand up for themselves and fight back. Although the police were legally justified in raiding the club, which was serving liquor without a license among other violations, New York’s gay community had grown weary of the policeRead MoreCollective Identity Within The Gay Community And Women s Liberation Movement Essay2212 Words   |  9 Pagesthe Gay Community and Women’s Liberation Movement The gay community and women’s liberation movement were both formed through collective identities and political/oppositional consciousness. Moreover, both groups were discriminated against by external social structures and yet, succeeded due to internal factors. Whittier and Taylor describe collective identity as â€Å"the shared definition of a group that derives from member’s common interests, experiences, and solidarity† (Whittier 105). The gay communityRead MoreThe Stonewall Riot of 1969830 Words   |  3 Pagesduring the 1960’s and 70’s, the gay liberation movement was one of the most important challenges to the hierarchal structures of accepted moral and scientific thought. Functioning as a minor footnote within the context of a substantial political arena comprised of the issues of war, race and a raging women’s liberation movement, gay liberation in the late twentieth century still sought to impress upon the marginalizing and sectari an constructions that subjugated gays to an imposed peripheral existenceRead MoreThe 1950s and 1960s: A Time of Great Changes Shaping the America We Have Today1006 Words   |  5 Pagessymbols are somewhat accurate (and very popular), not many people think about the changes society and culture went through. The 1950’s and 60’s were a time of great change and freedom for many Americans. Everything from World War II, to the gay liberation movement, to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 helped to change society. Many of the views American’s had on topics such as war, gender roles and sexual preference were changed greatly after these events and have led to our culture being what it isRead MoreWhy The Stonewall Riots Became A Turning Point For The Lesbian Community1459 Words   |  6 PagesUntil the last half of the 20th century, lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender individuals were victims of discrimination in American society and in statutory laws, which limited their basic rights. On the night of June 28, 1969, police raided the Stonewall Inn, a gay bar in New York’s Greenwich Village, and arrested three drag queens by using excessive force. Bar patrons and spectators, tired of police oppression, stood up and fought back. This was the first major protest based on equal rightsRead MoreLgbt Community s Endeavor For Equality998 Words   |  4 Pagestransgender individuals are underrepresented and more negatively portrayed in media than other members of the LGBT community. There was a lack of easily accessible information regarding transgender individuals. The sources in this paper use the terms â€Å"gay,† â€Å"lesbian,† â€Å"LGB,† and â€Å"LGBT/Q†. For the sake of coherence, these terms will all be collapsed into the general term â€Å"LGBT† with the understanding that all members within this culture are not the same and are not represented the same. History of theRead MoreBeing Gay : A Matter Of Love Vs. Love1242 Words   |  5 Pagesgetting into any history of Gay America, a person must simply understand that in the beginning of a Revolution there is always opposition. One person believes one thing and another something else, but what happens when the opposition is to love? For a revolution like this, it was a matter of love vs. love; one side for it, and the other against it. However, in the end it was just a matter of who had better reasoning, or rather who had a valid reason at all. In 1969, being gay was viewed as having aRead MoreThe Stonewall Riots And Women s Rights Movement Essay1324 Words   |  6 PagesAlthough most people who know about the Stonewall Riots see the riots as the â€Å"birthday of the Gay Liberation Movement,† it perhaps would be more accurate to say that it signified the merging of the Civil Rights or Black Power movement, and Women’s Rights movement, and the political and social unrest amongst gay, lesbian, and transgender and gender variant individuals that would soon become a movement. Incited by a Black trans woman, Marsha P. Johnson, and a Puerto Rican trans woman Sylvia RiveraRead MoreGay Theatre : A Microcosm Of The Contemporary Homosexual Landscape1244 Words   |  5 PagesGay Theatre: A Microcosm of the Contemporary Homosexual Landscape When you hear the term ‘gay theatre’ the first thought that may come to mind is that it describes theatre written for and by homosexuals.   If this is true, then before the decriminalization of male homosexual sex in 1967, there was no ‘gay theatre’ in existence due to the political and social landscape of that time. Spanning as far back as Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare, themes of homosexuality have been rampant within

Exploring Reasons for the Decision to Drop Atomic Bombs on...

At about eight A.M on August sixth, 1945 the Japanese city Hiroshima was destroyed by the deployment of the first nuclear weapon, nicknamed â€Å"Little Boy.† Soon after, at about eleven A.M the following day, a second bomb was dropped, called â€Å"Fat Man† on Nagasaki. Together, these bombings caused massive destruction. The death total was well near 220, 000. Only portions of these deaths were from the days of the bombings, with an equal number occurring later in the year from exposure to radiation. More have died since from leukemia. It is unclear as to why such devastation necessary. These targets were cities, not exclusive military positions. The deaths were mostly civilians, not soldiers. Countless innocent lives were ruined by this choice†¦show more content†¦regardless of how the cause of the war should be judged. (Ronald Clark, pg. 428). Unfortunately, his stance wavered during World War 2. Albert Einstein didn’t invent the atomic bomb, but w as crucial in its development. He signed a letter to Roosevelt suggesting that the bomb be created. Shortly before his death, he spoke about his role in the bombings of Japan. I made one great mistake in my life... when I signed the letter to President Roosevelt recommending that atom bombs be made; but there was some justification - the danger that the Germans would make them. (Clark, pg. 752). He realized the bombings were an ill-concieved plan, but, along with everyone else, Einstein gave into justifying his action with possibilities. Many see the bombings of Japan as a mistake while others still believe that it was the best course of action available to the military leaders. Despite this, it is not truly a matter of serious contention whether or not it was the necessary option. The public has been told that it saved thousands of American soldiers by making it unnecessary for the army to invade Japan. However, this is simply untrue, as explained by the commander in chief of the U.S. Fleet and chief of Naval Operations during the war, Ernest J. King. â€Å"The President in giving his approval for these [atomic] attacks appeared to believe that many thousands of American troops would beShow MoreRelatedHiroshima, a Tragedy That Could Have Been Averted? Essay1951 Words   |  8 Pagesare many reasons why the actions taken by the United States and specifically President Truman to drop the A-Bomb on Hiroshima were absolutely unnecessary. On the other hand there is an abundant amount of so called â€Å"justifications† as to why it was so imperative for the U.S. to distinguish the lives of sixty six thousand civilians in the blink of an eye, and cause catastrophic destruction and disparity that would have a lasting effect for decades to come. Many believe the atomic bomb should haveRead MoreTruman Decision5419 Words   |  22 PagesTruman Decision President Harry S. Truman decision to drop atomic bombs on Japan is perhaps the most controversial act of policy in United States history. One of the many different reasons given for the use of this weapon was the shock effect it would produce in the Japanese foreign policy circle. While the shock of the Japanese will be discussed later, it is important to note that it had a similar effect on the west. This shock effect has caused countless authors to speculate as to the motivationRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagessuperpowers and the transition to a new century and millennium. Hecht and Edwards underscore the vital connections between the genesis of and incessant innovations in computer technologies and the development of both nuclear power generators and atomic weaponry, and they also examine the ways that advances in these enmeshed fields of scientific and technological endeavor became emblematic in the cold war decades of national power and prestige, as well as symbols of modernity itself. They go well

Recruitment and Selection Strategy in Hotel Operations in Manchester

Question: Describe about the Recruitment and selection strategy in hotel operations in Manchester? Answer: Objective: To develop a recruitment and selection strategy that would meet the needs of employees and employers (Alger Crowley, 2012). Procedure: Staffing agents: Agents are to be appointed in order to acquire the best Human resource possible. This agreement can be done with the agents in India, China, and Philippines etc. Pre-Screening of the applicants: Staffing agents will pre-screen the applications, maintain files of each applicant with their total bio-data, and try to confirm the references by contacting the past employers. The next objective will be to confirm the selected applicants for further interviews (Anell Wilson, 2000). Set up for interviews: With the instructions of the employers, the staffing agents will organize interviews. The interview will continue as per the needs of the hotel. The staffing agent will confirm any senior staff from the operations department of the hotel will conduct the other details like venue, time and other formalities and the final interview. Hiring decisions: The management of the hotel will take the final decision of selection. Final confirmation: The employees who would pass the interview level will be finally given a call to join the hotel. Flexible working practices in the organization: The flexible working hours include hours of work, the patterns of working, and the location of working. There is few compliance that the organizations must follow on the matter of flexibility. The organization will have to consider if the staff is a parent of school going child or younger age, if a staff is aged, if a staff has genuine health issues etc. An employee can then request for flexible working arrangements (Byars Rue, 2011). Types of Flexibility that can be applied in this industry: 1. Conduct employee surveys to know the needs and expectations of the employees.2. Find out key areas to build skills and facilitate training for the same.3. Suggest solutions for personal maintenance, family upkeep and security of the employees.4. Creation of opportunities for greater connection between employees and management.5. Feedbacks can be taken to enhance the worthiness of the employee welfare functions. However, the application for flexibility in working may or may not be accepted by the management of the organization (Dowling, Festing Engle, 2013). Advantages of flexible working: In hotel industry, the services have to continue whole round the year 24/7 so the retention of employees is very necessary. This staffs continue to provide services only when they are satisfied with the working methods. If the employees are over burdened, then quality of services may also decrease. Flexibility in the working practices is necessary to retain the employees in the organization. These work arrangements can actually have a positive impact on the productivity of the employees (Entrekin Scott-Ladd, 2013). Disadvantages of flexible working: The benefits of flexible working environment are huge but there are many disadvantages too. The organization will have to understand some of its bad impacts before implementing it. If the employees do not take the work seriously, then it might create issues. Flexibility in the workplace should be there but excessive flexibility can lead to the downfall of an organization. Those employees who are responsible and do not let the work get harm becaus of flexibility should be entitled to flexibility (Gordon, 2014). Impact on flexibility because changing labour markets: Since the labour market is so diversified and ever changing, the work practices and culture differ at every place. The employers have to be flexible in some cases when it comes to run a company globally. There are no other options other than being flexible at the work place because this flexibility helps employers retain employees from all over the globe. This employees are very well trained and experts of their respective fields (Graham Nafukho, 2010). Moreover, if a company is flexible in its working conditions, then it will bring good g fame to the company. The impact on flexibility because of the changing labour market is huge. People travel all round the globe for their jobs, the companies come up with more flexible work culture, and the usual working practices are hampered. This work culture of flexibility is actually good for organizations (Ivancevich Konopaske, 2013). Discrimination in workplace: Discrimination in the work place refers to treating some people differently from other people. The discrimination can be on the basis of gender, disability, sexual orientation, race, colour, nationality, religion, ethinic background, marriage or civil relationship, sexual orientation, pregnancy (Mondy Mondy, 2012). Types of discrimination: Direct discrimination: Direct discrimination occurs when an employer treats an employee less favourably than an employer treats other people because of any the reasons cited above. For example if the job of a driver is open only to male applicant, then it would be very discriminating on the part of the employer (Nolan, 2010). Indirect discrimination: Indirect discrimination takes place when a group of people are more affected than the others. For example, there are work groups who are religiously mandated to keep long beards, but if at their workplaces they are compelled to shave off their beards then they will be discriminated more than other work groups. (Price Price, 2011) Indirect discrimination is unlawful and the employer have to justify if they are not willingly hurting the sentiments of others. The example of clean shaved employees is justified if it is in the case of restaurants or food manufacturing industry. Harassment: Harassment is the offensive behaviour of abusing someone sexually or racially that aims to humiliate, demoralize the target. It also includes giving someone a latent offensive nickname (Rowden, 2000). Victimisation: Victimisation is the treating a person less favourably than others because they complained about any harassment or discrimination on them. Equality and diversity: Equality and diversity have two different meaning yet they meet each other in the horizon of development of an organization. Equality means creating a fairer society, where everyone has equal opportunity to grow and prosper. On the other hand, diversity means difference, difference in race, culture, ethnicity etc (Smith, 2013). It is a hard task for a manager to maintain equality in diversity but in today`s world it is very necessary for organizations to get people from different countries and make them co-ordinate equally in the organization. Equality in diversity can be maintained if the organization starts valuing its employees, treat them equally, motivate them properly and avoid discrimination (Stone, 2011). Equal opportunities legislations for an organization: It is from the legislation to eliminate discrimination. Managing diversity refers to accepting people from all groups and not discriminating them. The basic difference between managing diversity and equal opportunity is the method of implementation. Equal opportunity is externally generated and run by legislation and society ethnic like equality, justice, and human rights. Managing diversity is internally initiated and runs on the needs of the business. The organization focuses on achieving its goals and effectively utilise the human resource (Torrington, 2011). If the organization lacks to discover the true potential of it employees, then might be regarded as discrimination too. Comparison between difference methods of performance management system: Employee performance can be measured by the compensation that the organization offers, by the status of the employee, and opportunities that can be explored. The methods, which aid in measuring the performance of employees, are: Graphic rating scales, management by objectives and forced ranking (Werner, Schuler Jackson, 2012). Graphic rating scales: These method is useful in organizations which are production oriented and for those which move at a very fast pace for example food industry. A rating scale comprises of list of duties, standards, and there is a scale ranging from 1 to 5 to judge the employee performance. It can be completed quickly by rating the employees. This is ideal for those organizations, which are huge and handle large departments. In the hotel, this method will work best as the employees can be checked based on a checklist. This checklist would tell what and how much is an employee working (Whyman Petrescu, 2013). Management by objectives: Management by objectives are useful for evaluating the performance of employees in managerial positions. In this, the manager lists the goals that has to be achieved by employee. The performances of the employee are measured by the number of tasks he/she is able to finish by the time designated to him. This method would be helpful in judging the employees at managerial position in the restaurants. Forced ranking method: Forced ranking method was never considered a sophisticated method of performance appraisal. It divides employees into three groups, 70% of the employees came under well performing employees, 20% were under average performing employees and 10% under lowest performing employees. Sometimes the morale of the employees are hurt. The main motive of a performance management system is to upgrade the morale of the employee by evaluating their performances. Approaches towards employee welfare: The welfare of the employees is a very important function of the organization. The organization can also keep a separate department for employee welfare. However, it depends on the size and number of employees in the organization. Employee welfare includes a lot of area to cover. There are certain compliance too that an organization has to follow. In the business of hotel many types of benefits can be given to the employees. Employees welfare is necessary in this organization. Employees can be provided with housing facilities that have their jobs early in the morning. The working conditions in the hotel especially in the kitchen area can be improved. Medical insurance for all the employees and eating facility in the hotel can be provided to the employees. All those benefits that can enhance the productivity of the employees without much cost to the company should be allowed and the management has to check the legal compliance too. Note to the line managers: Conduct employee surveys to know the needs and expectations of the employees. Find out key areas to build skills and facilitate training for the same. Suggest solutions for personal maintenance, family upkeep and security of the employees. Creation of opportunities for greater connection between employees and management. Feedbacks can be taken to enhance the worthiness of the employee welfare functions. References Alger, V., Crowley, J. (2012). Aspects of Workplace Flexibility and Mothers Satisfaction with Their Husbands Contributions to Household Labor*.Sociological Inquiry,82(1), 78-99. doi:10.1111/j.1475-682x.2011.00403.x Anell, B., Wilson, T. (2000). The flexible firm and the flexible coworker.Journal Of Workplace Learning,12(4), 165-170. doi:10.1108/13665620010332831 Byars, L., Rue, L. (2011).Human resource management. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Dessler, G. (2013).Human resource management. Boston, Mass.: Pearson Education. Dowling, P., Festing, M., Engle, A. (2013).International human resource management. Andover: Cengage Learning. Entrekin, L., Scott-Ladd, B. (2013).Human Resource Management. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Gordon, C. (2014). Flexible Workplace Practices: Employees Experiences in Small IT Firms.Relations Industrielles,69(4), 766. doi:10.7202/1028111ar Graham, C., Nafukho, F. (2010). Organizational Commitment and Workplace Outcomes : A Conceptual Model for Truckload Transportation Carriers.Human Resource Development Review. doi:10.1177/1534484310370948 Ivancevich, J., Konopaske, R. (2013).Human resource management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Mondy, R., Mondy, J. (2012).Human resource management. Boston: Prentice Hall. Nolan, S. (2010). Workplace flexibility.Strategic HR Review,9(2). doi:10.1108/shr.2010.37209baa.001 Price, A., Price, A. (2011).Human resource management. Andover: Cengage Learning. Rowden, R. (2000). Invited reaction: Relationship among curiosity, workplace learning, and job performance.Human Resource Development Quarterly,11(1), 31. doi:10.1002/1532-1096(200021)11:13.3.co;2-y Smith, K. (2013). Evaluation of a Stretching Program to Increase Worker Flexibility.Workplace Health Safety,61(8), 329-332. doi:10.3928/21650799-20130726-30 Stone, R. (2011).Human resource management. Milton, Qld.: John Wiley. Torrington, D. (2011).Human resource management. Harlow, England: Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Werner, S., Schuler, R., Jackson, S. (2012).Human resource management. Australia: South-Western Cengage Learning. Whyman, P., Petrescu, A. (2013). Partnership, flexible workplace practices and the realisation of mutual gains: evidence from the British WERS 2004 dataset.The International Journal Of Human Resource Management,25(6), 829-851. doi:10.1080/09585192.2012.751439

The problems of oral translation free essay sample

Cardinal Kazakhstan University # 8220 ; MHTI Lingua # 8221 ; The Institute of linguistic communication and interlingual rendition # 8220 ; Lingua # 8221 ; Interpretation module Evening section Shkurskaya Elena ( # 1047 ; # 1040 ; # 1055 ; # 1056 ; -053 ) PROBLEMS OF ORAL TRANSLATION Course paper Forte: 050207 Interpretation Discipline: Translation theory Superviser: Isabaeva N.S. Karagandy 2008 Contentss Introduction1 Chapter I. TRANSLATION IS A Means OF INTERLINGUALCommunication 1.1.TRANSLATION Theory 1.2A BRIEF HISTORY OF TRANSLATION 1.3. MAIN TYPES OF TRANSLATION Chapter II. CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF ORAL TRANSLATION 2.1 PROBLEMS OF ORAL TRANSLATION 2.2 NOTE-TAKING IN CONSECUTIVE TRANSLATION 2.3 LINGUISTIC PECULIARITIES OF SIMULTANEOUS TRANSLATION Decision Appendix Introduction When you stop and think about it, everything in life is translation. We translate our feelings into actions. When we put anything into words, we translate our ideas. Every physical action is a interlingual rendition from one province to another. Translating from one linguistic communication into another is merely the most obvious signifier of an activity which is possibly the most common of all human activities. This possibly the ground people normally take interlingual rendition for granted, as something that does non necessitate any particular attempt, and at the same clip, why interlingual rendition is so ambitious and full of possibilities. We will write a custom essay sample on The problems of oral translation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There is nil easy or simple about interlingual rendition, even as there is nil easy or simple about any human activity. It merely looks easy because you are used to making it. Anyone who is good at a certain activity can do it appear easy, even though, when we pause to believe, we realize there is nil easy about it. Translation in the formal sense trades with human linguistic communication, the most common yet the most complex and hallowed of human maps. Language is what makes us who we are. Language can work miracles. Language can kill, and linguistic communication can mend. Conveying intending from one linguistic communication to another brings people together, helps them portion each other # 8217 ; s civilization, benefit from each other # 8217 ; s experience, and makes them cognizant of how much they all have in common. /tr.handbook/ The conditions of unwritten interlingual rendition enforce a figure of of import limitations on the transcriber s public presentation. Here the translator receives a fragment of the original merely one time and for a short period of clip. His interlingual rendition is besides a erstwhile act with no possibility of any return to the original or any subsequent corrections. This creates extra jobs and the users have sometimes to be content with a lower degree of equality. The intent of the present work is to analyze the jobs of unwritten interlingual rendition. To accomplish this intent it is necessary to happen solve to the undermentioned undertakings: 1 ) To give the definition to the impression # 8220 ; interlingual rendition # 8221 ; ; 2 ) To happen out the difference between written and unwritten interlingual rendition ; 3 ) To qualify the types of unwritten interlingual rendition ; 4 ) To specify the jobs of unwritten interlingual rendition ; 5 ) To happen assorted ways and interpreting devices for work outing those jobs. This paper consists of two chapters. The first chapter describes the interlingual rendition itself, its development and types. In the 2nd chapter there are the jobs of interlingual rendition and the ways of its redemption. Throughout history, written and spoken interlingual renditions have played a important function in interhuman communicating, non least in supplying entree to of import texts for scholarship and spiritual intents. Hagiographas on the topic of interlingual rendition go far back in recorded history. The pattern of interlingual rendition was discussed by, for illustration, Cicero and Horace ( first century BC ) and St Jerome ( 4th century AD ) ; their Hagiographas were to exercise an of import influence up until the twentieth century./19/ I. TRANSLATION IS A Means OF INTERLINGUAL COMMUNICATION 1.1 TRANSLATION THEORY Translation is a agency of interlingual communicating. The transcriber makes possible an exchange of information between the users of different linguistic communications by bring forthing in the mark linguistic communication ( TL or the translating linguistic communication ) a text which has an indistinguishable communicative value with the beginning ( or original ) text ( ST ) . As a sort of practical activities interlingual rendition ( or the pattern of interlingual rendition ) is a set of actions performed by the transcriber while rendering ST into another linguistic communication. These actions are mostly intuitive and the best consequences are of course achieved by transcribers who are best suited for the occupation, who are well-trained or have a particular aptitude, a endowment for it. Masterpieces in interlingual rendition are created by the past Masterss of the art, true creative persons in their profession. At its best interlingual rendition is an art, a creative activity of a gifted, high-skilled professional. The theory oftranslation provides the transcriber with the appropriate tools of analysis and synthesis, makes him cognizant of what he is to look for in the original text, what type of information he must convey in TT and how he should move to accomplish his end. In the concluding analysis, nevertheless, his trade remains an art. For scientific discipline gives the transcriber the tools, but it takes encephalons, intuition and endowment to manage the tools with great proficiency. Translation is a complicated phenomenon affecting lingual, psychological, cultural, literary, ergonomical and other factors. The nucleus of the interlingual rendition theory is the general theory of interlingual rendition which is concerned with the cardinal facets of interlingual rendition inherent in the nature of bilingual communicating and hence common to all interlingual rendition events, irrespective of what linguistic communications are involved or what sort of text and under what fortunes was translated. Basically, replacing of ST by TT of the same communicative value is possible because both texts are produced in human address governed by the same regulations and connoting the same relationships between linguistic communication, world and the human head. All linguistic communications are agencies of communicating, each linguistic communication is used to project and determine human thought, all linguistic communication units are meaningful entities related to non-linguistic worlds, all speech units convey information to the communicants. In any linguistic communication communicating is made possib le through a complicated logical reading by the users of the address units, affecting an appraisal of the significance of the linguistic communication marks against the information derived from the contextual state of affairs, general cognition, old experience, assorted associations and other factors. The general theory of interlingual rendition trades, so to talk, with interlingual rendition universals and is the footing for all other theoretical survey in this country, since it describes what interlingual rendition is and what makes it possible. The general theory of interlingual rendition describes the basic rules which bold good for each and every interlingual rendition event. In each peculiar instance, nevertheless, the translating procedure is influenced both by the common basic factors and by a figure of specific variables which stem from the existent conditions and manners of the transcriber s work: the type of original texts he has to get by with, the signifier in which ST is presented to him and the signifier in which he is supposed to subject his interlingual rendition, the particular demands he may be called upon to run into in his work, etc. Contemporary interlingual rendition activities are characterized by a great assortment of types, signifiers and degrees of duty. The transcriber has to cover with plants of the great writers of the past and of the taking writers of today, with elaboratenesss of scientific discipline fiction and the recognized stereotypes of detective narratives. He must be able to get by with the elegancy of look of the best Masterss of literary manner and with the fast ones and formalized experiments of modern avant-gardists. The transcriber has to continue and suit into a different lingual and societal context a gamut of sunglassess of significance and stylistic niceties expressed in the original text by a great assortment of linguistic communication devices: impersonal and emotional words, antediluvian words and new mintages, metaphors and similes, foreign adoptions, dialectal, slang and slang looks, stilted phrases and lewdnesss, Proverbss and citations, nonreader or inaccurate address, and so on and so forth. The original text may cover with any topic from general philosophical rules or posits to minute trifles in some vague field of human enterprise. The transcriber has to undertake complicated specialised descriptions and studies on new finds in scientific discipline or engineering for which appropriate footings have non yet been invented. His responsibility is to interpret diplomatic representations and policy statements, scientific thesiss and superb sarcasms, care instructions and after-dinner addresss, etc. Translating a drama the transcriber must bear in head the demands of theatrical presentation, and nicknaming a movie he must see to it that his interlingual rendition fits the motion of the talkers lips. The transcriber may be called upon to do his interlingual rendition in the shortest possible clip, while taking a repast or against the background noise of loud voices or rattling type-writers. In coincident reading the transcriber is expected to maintain gait with the fastest talkers, to understand all sorts of foreign speech patterns and faulty pronunciation, to think what the talker meant to state but failed to show due to his unequal proficiency in the linguistic communication he speaks. In back-to-back reading he is expected to listen to long addresss, taking the necessary notes, and so to bring forth his interlingual rendition in full or tight signifier, giving all the inside informations or merely the chief ideas.In some instances the users will be satisfied even with the most general thought of the significance of the original, in other instances the transcriber may be taken to task for the slightest skip or minor error./14/ 1.2 A Brief HISTORY OF INTERPRETATION In fiftiess of the last century conference translator was still in its babyhood with the first coincident reading holding been used after World War II at the Nuremburg Trials ( English, French, Russian and German ) . In the interwar old ages back-to-back reading entirely was provided at international assemblages, such as at meetings of the League of Nations in Geneva where English and French were used. The first translators were non trained but entered the profession on the strength of their command of linguistic communications, colossal memory, and their impressively wide cultural background. Some of the legendary figures of construing include Jean Herbert, Andre Kaminker and Prince Constantin Andronikof, who was personal translator to General de Gaulle and one of the laminitiss of AIIC, which was established in 1953. With the puting up of international and European organisations ( United Nations # 8211 ; 1945, Council of Europe # 8211 ; 1949, European Community 1957 ) there was a turning demand for a much larger figure of trained professionals. To run into this go oning challenge, the class has expanded and now encompasses the linguistic communications of the European Union and the UN household. The state of affairs in the early twentiethcentury was wholly different from what is known now as conference construing # 8211 ; a extremely professional field necessitating advanced acquisition and particular preparation. Conference construing really started during World War I, and until so all international meetings of any importance had been held in French for that was linguistic communication of the 19thcentury diplomatic negotiations. After the Armistice had been signed on November 11th, 1918, translators were invited to work for the Armistice Commissions and subsequently at the Conference on the Preliminaries of Peace. This was the period when conference construing techniques to be developed. Harmonizing to the conference translator and writer Jean Herbert, they interpreted in back-to-back in squads of two, each into his female parent lingua. So conference interpretation was going a profession, presuming certain criterions in the period between the two World Wars. It started as a non-professional accomplishment, developed from sentence-by-sentence construing into back-to-back proper and involved particular techniques of taking notes every bit good as many others. This construing procedure required particular qualities on top of an first-class bid of two linguistic communications, among others tact and diplomatic negotiations ; above mean physical endurance and good # 8220 ; nervousnesss # 8221 ; . All this applies to both back-to-back and coincident interpretation and translators. Coincident construing came into life much later although first efforts to originate this new conference interpreting process were on occasion made at multilingual assemblage in the late mid-twentiess and the early mid-thirtiess. In the USSR coincident interpretation was foremost introduced at the VI Congress of the Communist International in 1928 with translators sitting in the front row of the conference hall seeking difficult to catch the words of talkers, coming from the dais, and taking into heavy mikes hanging on strings of their cervixs. Isolated booths for translators started to be used five old ages subsequently, in 1933. Attempts to present coincident interpretation in the International Labour Organisation were made a few old ages before the Second World War. Interpreters there were seated in slightly like an orchestra cavity merely below the dais. They had no earpiece to ease hearing and had to make their best to understand what came over the speaker units. They whispered t heir interlingual renditions into a kind of box called a Hushaphone. With the constitution of the United Nations Organisation which opened up an epoch of many-sided diplomatic negotiations, and the development of many-sided economic dealingss a new epoch for conference interpretation besides began. Coincident interpretation gained land, peculiarly as Russian, Spanish and Chinese linguistic communications were introduced as UN working languages./28/ 1.3 MAIN TYPES OF TRANSLATION Though the basic features of interlingual rendition can be observed in all interlingual rendition events, different types of interlingual rendition can be singled out depending on the prevailing communicative map of the beginning text or the signifier of address involved in the interlingual rendition procedure. Thus we can separate between literary and enlightening interlingual rendition, on the one manus, and between written and unwritten interlingual rendition ( or reading ) , on the other manus. Enlightening interlingual rendition is rendering into the mark linguistic communication non-literary texts, the chief intent of which is to convey a certain sum of thoughts, to inform the reader. However, if the beginning text is of some length, its interlingual rendition can be listed as literary or enlightening merely as an estimate. Literary plants are known to fall into a figure of genres. Literary interlingual renditions may be subdivided in the same manner, as each genre calls for a specific agreement and makes usage of specific artistic agencies to affect the reader. Translators of prose, poesy or dramas have their ain jobs. Each of these signifiers of literary activities comprises a figure of subgenres and the transcriber may specialise in one or some of them in conformity with his endowments and experience. A figure of subdivisions can be besides suggested for enlightening interlingual renditions, though the rules of categorization here are slightly different. Here we may individual out interlingual renditions of scientific and proficient texts, of newspaper stuffs, of official documents and some other types of texts such as public addresss, political and propaganda stuffs, advertizements, etc. , which are, so to talk, intercede, in that there is a certain balance between the expressive and referential maps, between concluding and emotional entreaty. As the names suggest, in written interlingual rendition the beginning text is in written signifier, as is the mark text. In unwritten interlingual rendition or reading the translator listens to the unwritten presentation of the original and translates it as an unwritten message in TL. As a consequence, in the first instance the Receptor of the interlingual rendition can read it while in the 2nd instance he hears it. There are besides some intermediate types. The translator rendering his interlingual rendition by word of oral cavity may hold the text of the original in forepart of him and interpret it at sight . A written interlingual rendition can be made of the original recorded on the magnetic tape that can be replayed as many times as is necessary for the transcriber to hold on the original significance. The transcriber can order his at sight interlingual rendition of a written text to the typist or a short-hand author with TR acquiring the interlingual rendition in written signifier. These are all, nevertheless, alterations of the two chief types of interlingual rendition. The line of limit between written and unwritten interlingual rendition is drawn non merely because of their signifiers but besides because of the sets of conditions in which the procedure takes topographic point. The first is uninterrupted, the other fleeting. In written interlingual rendition the original can be read and re-read as many times as the transcriber may necessitate or wish. The same goes for the concluding merchandise. The transcriber can re-read his interlingual rendition, compare it to the original, make the necessary corrections or get down his work all over once more. He can come back to the predating portion of the original or acquire the information he needs from the subsequent messages. These are most favorable conditions and here we can anticipate the best public presentation and the highest degree of equality. That is why in theoretical treatments we have normally examples from written interlingual renditions where the translating procedure can be observed in all its facets. The conditions of unwritten interlingual rendition enforce a figure of of import limitations on the transcriber s public presentation. Here the translator receives a fragment of the original merely one time and for a short period of clip. His interlingual rendition is besides a erstwhile act with no possibility of any return to the original or any subsequent corrections. This creates extra jobs and the users have sometimes to be content with a lower degree of equality. There are two chief sorts of unwritten interlingual rendition # 8212 ; back-to-back and coincident. Interpreting demands # 8211 ; depending on the type of construing one is engaged in # 8211 ; can run from simple, general conversation, to extremely proficient unmaskings and treatments. In back-to-back interlingual rendition the translating starts after the original address or some portion of it has been completed. Here the translator s scheme and the concluding consequences depend, to a great extent, on the length of the section to be translated. If the section is merely a sentence or two the translator closely follows the original address. Equally frequently as non, nevertheless, the translator is expected to interpret a long address which has lasted for tonss of proceedingss or even longer. In this instance he has to retrieve a great figure of messages and maintain them in head until he begins his interlingual rendition. To do this possible the translator has to take notes of th e original messages, assorted systems of notation holding been suggested for the intent. The survey of, and pattern in, such notation is the built-in portion of the translator s preparation as are particular exercisings to develop his memory. Sometimes the translator is set a clip bound to give his rendition, which means that he will hold to cut down his interlingual rendition well, choosing and reproducing the most of import parts of the original and distributing with the remainder. This implies the ability to do a opinion on the comparative value of assorted messages and to generalise or compact the standard information. The translator must evidently be a good and quickwitted mind. In coincident reading the translator is supposed to be able to give his interlingual rendition while the talker is expressing the original message. This can be achieved with a particular wireless or telephone-type equipment. The translator receives the original address through his earpieces and at the same time negotiations into the mike which transmits his interlingual rendition to the hearers. This type of interlingual rendition involves a figure of psycholinguistic jobs, both of theoretical and practical nature. /14/ This is a extremely specialised signifier of interpretation, which requires a particular aptitude. The translator has to be able to listen to the talker and reiterate the same words in a different linguistic communication about at the same clip. This takes a great trade of preparation and experience, and is paid at a higher rate than back-to-back. Coincident reading may be required for such things as concern or professional conferences, developing seminars, or presentations. A coincident reading longer than two hours requires at least two translators to let for remainder periods./22/ II. CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF ORAL TRANSLATION 2.1 PROBLEMS OF ORAL TRANSLATION Back-to-back interlingual rendition is non full by definition. First, even alone memory of some legendary translators is barely able to maintain all the inside informations of a long address, allow entirely the memory of mere persons. Second, the back-to-back interlingual rendition is fulfilled fundamentally denotatively, i.e. this is non a word-for-word interlingual rendition of beginning text but its more or less free reading. This either suggests differences and rawness. In back-to-back interlingual rendition the translator should trust on every bit much as possible set of broad and cosmopolitan equivalents, on the context and on maximally full common and particular cognition base. Context plays the most of import function in back-to-back interlingual rendition in contrast to coincident interlingual rendition where the broad context practically absent and the pick of equivalents given by the lexicon is to be made harmonizing to the state of affairs and background cognition. /18/ Professional coincident interlingual rendition is the type of unwritten interlingual rendition at international conferences which is realized at the same clip with the perceptual experience of the message by ear given outright at the beginning linguistic communication. The translator is at the booth which isolates him from the audience. During the coincident interlingual rendition the information of a purely limited volume is being processed in the utmost conditions at any infinite of clip. The utmost conditions of professional coincident interlingual rendition sometimes lead to the statement of a inquiry about looking the status of emphasis at the coincident translator. /25/ Coincident interlingual rendition is ever connected with immense psychological plants and frequently with emphasis and it is rather natural, because to listen and to talk at the same time is impossible for a usual adult male it is a psychological anomalousness. It is impossible to interpret at the same time without particular equipment. The transcriber needs earpieces, a particular booth and most of all he needs accomplishments and interlingual rendition devices. During the interlingual rendition the newsman speaks or reads his text to the mike in one linguistic communication and the translator hears it from the ear-phones and translates it into another linguistic communication at the same time with the talker. When the translator speaks to his mike the audience, which hears his interlingual rendition from the ear-phones, must derive an feeling that the talker newsman speaks in their linguistic communication. The specializers pay particular attending to the undermentioned factors which determine the trouble of coincident interlingual rendition: Psychophysiological uncomfortableness caused by the necessity to listen and to talk at the same time ; Psychophysiological strain connected with irreversibility of that the newsman has said into the mike. The newsman won # 8217 ; t be stopped and asked to reiterate ; Psychological strain connected with large audience and irreversibility of the interlingual rendition. It is impossible to pardon and to rectify ; Psychophysiological strain caused by speedy address. The coincident translator must ever talk rapidly without intermissions otherwise he will be left behind. But the intermissions in address bring non merely semantic but psychophysiological work: to take breath, to roll up one # 8217 ; s ideas. Difficult lingual undertaking of binding up the vocalizations in the linguistic communications which have different construction during the coincident interlingual rendition, when the context is highly limited and there is deficiency of clip for interlingual rendition ; A hard lingual undertaking of address compaction which helps to counterbalance the interlingual rendition into the linguistic communication which has long words and long-winded rhetoric. These factors work in the ideal instance when the newsman speaks in a usual velocity in a clear actual linguistic communication, when his pronunciation is standard and he understands that he is being translated and he is interested in that the audience to understand him. But this happens seldom. The coincident translator must ever be ready morally and professionally that the newsman will talk really fast or will read the text of his address ; the newsman # 8217 ; s pronunciation will be indistinct or nonstandard ; the newsman will utilize nonstandard abbreviations in his address, which weren # 8217 ; t entered beforehand, or professional slang words or looks. All these troubles may doubtless show at back-to-back interlingual rendition but there ever exist a feed-back with the newsman. The translator may inquire once more, inquire to reiterate and there is ever a contact of the translator with the audience where is certainly person who knows the linguistic communication and topic of the address and he will ever motivate and rectify benevolently, as a regulation, if the interlingual rendition is good in general./18/ 2.2 NOTE-TAKING IN CONSECUTIVE TRANSLATION While listening to the talker the translator takes notes of the message he or she receives, while the vocalization is being received. It means that perceptual experience and comprehension are concurrant with note-taking. The translator # 8217 ; s notes are an ideographic system of encoding the message. They are word- and symbol-based, their sentence structure is simple, their word order is direct and grammatical maps are expressed by fixed places of the elements of the vocalization, while places themselves are vertically organized. This brief description of the system of translator # 8217 ; s notes makes one realize that to take notes one has to interpret the original vocalization into another codification. This codification is in fact really near to what has been antecedently described as the internal semantic codification of the Recipient. And the fact that the translator # 8217 ; s notes are something merely the translator who has made them can read, or decode, proves the point. So in order to be able to listen, grok and take down a processed and transformed version of the original vocalization the translator has to run in front of the vocalization being received and expect its morpho-phonemic, syntactical and semantic construction. If we now take our theoretical account of the reading procedure we shall see that it represents a two-phase procedure of back-to-back interpretation in which the stages are separated from each other, the first stage being completed when the semantic representation is achieved in the signifier of notes, and the 2nd stage being started when this semantic representation is utilized for programming and bring forthing the message in the TL ( aim linguistic communication ) . No such border-line can be drawn for coincident interpretation. If we attempt a in writing representation of the procedure of coincident construing for one vocalization, we shall see that the procedures of address perceptual experience and address coevals concur and run parallel to each other. The linguistic communication in which an translator has to take notes is the beginning linguistic communication. Note-taking is a aid for short-run memory. It reflects basic ideas of the beginning text. The system of note-taking is based at widely dispersed abbreviations and single ain symbols. Symbols and abbreviations used in note-taking must run into the undermentioned demands: they should be apprehensible, easy to compose and to decrypt ; to be cosmopolitan and easy to retrieve ; they should intend definite impression, symbol, sense, which appears clearly and monosemantically both in lingual and excess lingual context ; to be recognizable at the given minute of speech production and translating. In order to read and construe the notes easy you should put them downward in diagonal manner. The first degree is capable group, the 2nd degree is predicative, the 3rd degree is Direct Object and the 4th degree is Indirect Object. Model: Object ( Indirect ) Object ( Direct ) Predicative Capable group homogeneous parts of the sentence Some illustrations of the symbols used in the note-taking: MP # 8211 ; Member of Parliament VIP # 8211 ; Very Important Person G-7 # 8211 ; Group of seven Common used abbreviations: CIS # 8211 ; # 1057 ; # 1053 ; # 1043 ; ( Commonwealth of Independent States ) EU # 8211 ; European Union RF # 8211 ; Russian Federation US # 8211 ; United States UK # 8211 ; United Kingdom UN # 8211 ; # 1054 ; # 1054 ; # 1053 ; ( United Nations Organization ) MOW # 8211 ; Moscow NY # 8211 ; New York LON # 8211 ; London CEO # 8211 ; main executive officer JV # 8211 ; joint venture FTZ # 8211 ; Free trade zone P # 8211 ; President VP # 8211 ; Vice President I/V # 8211 ; investing # 8593 ; I # 8211 ; growing of rising prices E # 8211 ; employment E # 8211 ; unemployment D/B # 8211 ; budget shortage Use of contracted words: pro # 8211 ; professional demo # 8211 ; presentation info # 8211 ; information Letter preciseness information such as proper names and geographical names is written merely by agencies of consonants. Numeral preciseness information like yearss of a hebdomad and months is written by Numberss. e.g. # 8211 ; Friday, 11 # 8211 ; November day of the months: current decennary # 8211 ; 2008 = # 8216 ; 8 current century # 8211 ; 1995 = .95 current millenary # 8211 ; 1812 = .812 Numberss from 1100 to 10000 is to be written by 100s e.g. 17H = 1700 17t = 17 1000 17m = 17 million 17b = 17 billion 17tr = 17 trillion Taging of semantic ties between the symbols is the most of import and instead hard point. Particularly when the translator is voicing his notation. Speaking is marked with: after the capable group ; accent is marked with: ! ( claimed, referred, accused, offered ) . The symbol ( : ) means press-conference, press-release, statement. blessing # 8211 ; OK disapproval # 8211 ; OK plural # 8211 ; mark of square ; e.g. MP2= Members of Parliament M2= 1000000s repetition = R with an pointer with the topographic point which is repeated gt ; more, lt ; lupus erythematosus # 8593 ; growing, rise ; addition ; betterment ; hereafter # 8595 ; lessening, autumn, debasement ; past # 8710 ; province, state lines: # 8594 ; going ; E export ; reference to # 8592 ; reaching ; I import Expression of mode: possibility: m # 8211 ; may ; m? # 8211 ; might degree Celsius # 8211 ; can ; c? # 8211 ; could uncertainty: ? or? ! necessity: vitamin D ( must, to be to, should ) # 8211 ; from debere ( lat. ) Comparative and Greatest grades of Adjectives: marks of square and regular hexahedron e.g. big2 # 8211 ; bigger, big3 # 8211 ; the biggest # 8220 ; Speaking # 8221 ; symbols: # 9675 ; # 8211 ;Congress, meeting X # 8211 ; war, struggle This attack shouldn # 8217 ; t be accepted as a 3rd linguistic communication. It should be created by imaginativeness of an translator. /28/ 2.3 LINGUISTIC PECULIARITIES OF SIMULTANEOUS TRANSLATION During the interlingual rendition the coincident translator chooses equivalents on footing of: common lingual cognition ; microcontext ; common background information ; particular information. Here is the illustration of taking the equivalents in interpreting the fragment of the study # 8220 ; Patents and other industrial belongings rubrics and their licensing. # 8221 ; # 8220 ; When engineering is to be used in cooperation with a 3rd party, whether in the signifier of a licence, as it is the chief facet of this paper, or by amalgamation or by taking capital investing of a 3rd party into the company having the engineering, it is of enormous importance to find the value of patents and other intangible assets, in the undermentioned designated as intellec # 173 ; tual belongings rights ( IPR ) , belonging to the several entity # 8221 ; . Coincident interlingual rendition of the fragment: # 8220 ; # 1050 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1076 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1093 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1080 ; # 1103 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1103 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1089 ; # 1103 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1100 ; # 1077 ; # 1081 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1081 ; , # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1073 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1092 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1094 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1079 ; # 1080 ; # 1080 ; , # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1074 ; # 1101 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; # 1076 ; # 1086 ; # 1082 ; # 1083 ; # 1072 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; , # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 173 ; # 1073 ; # 1086 ; # 1087 ; # 1091 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1089 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1103 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1103 ; # 1080 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1078 ; # 1077 ; # 1074 ; # 1083 ; # 1086 ; # 1078 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1103 ; # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1087 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1100 ; # 1077 ; # 1081 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 173 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1074 ; # 1092 ; # 1080 ; # 1088 ; # 1084 ; # 1091 ; , # 1074 ; # 1083 ; # 1072 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1102 ; # 1097 ; # 1091 ; # 1102 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1093 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1080 ; # 1077 ; # 1081 ; , # 1095 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1079 ; # 1074 ; # 1099 ; # 1095 ; # 1072 ; # 1081 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1078 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1086 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1100 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1100 ; # 1087 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1080 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1095 ; # 1080 ; # 1093 ; # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 173 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1093 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; , # 1095 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1076 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 1081 ; # 1096 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1084 ; # 1099 ; # 1073 ; # 1091 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1079 ; # 1099 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1100 ; # 1055 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; # 1090 ; # 1091 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1085 ; # 1091 ; # 1102 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1100 ; , # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1076 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 173 ; # 1078 ; # 1072 ; # 1097 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1076 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; # 1091 ; # 1089 ; # 1091 ; # 1073 ; # 1098 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; # 1090 ; # 1091 ; # 8221 ; . At first we should observe that the translator didn # 8217 ; t take the equivalents during the interlingual rendition as he had chosen and remembered them earlier. These footings are # 8220 ; amalgamation # 8221 ; # 8211 ; # 8220 ; # 1089 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1103 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1077 ; # 8221 ; , # 8220 ; intangible assets # 8221 ; # 8211 ; # 8220 ; # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1077 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1099 ; # 8221 ; , # 8220 ; entity # 8221 ; # 8211 ; # 8220 ; # 1089 ; # 1091 ; # 1073 ; # 1098 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; # 1090 ; ( # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; ) # 8221 ; . At the same clip there was a different reading and exchanging of some usual equivalents with those which do structurally and stylistically. They are # 8220 ; capital investing # 8221 ; # 8211 ; # 8220 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; # 1094 ; # 1080 ; # 1103 ; # 8221 ; was exchanged for # 8220 ; # 1074 ; # 1083 ; # 1086 ; # 1078 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1087 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1072 ; # 8221 ; , # 8220 ; in cooperation # 8221 ; # 8211 ; # 8220 ; # 1074 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1088 ; # 1091 ; # 1076 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 8221 ; was exchanged for # 8220 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 8221 ; ./18/ There are chief devices which were formed during the long development of unwritten interlingual rendition and they are used in the work of coincident translator. They are speech compaction, skip and add-on of the stuff. During the unwritten interlingual rendition from Russian into English the compaction is required when there are repeats, words of small importance or when the talker is excessively fast. In order non to be behind the talker and non to lose of import sections of his address the translator has to take between lexical and syntactical equivalents which must be compressed. e.g. # 8220 ; # 1053 ; # 1072 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1078 ; # 1076 ; # 1091 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; , # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1094 ; # 1080 ; # 1086 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; # 1091 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1085 ; # 1103 ; # 1093 ; # 8221 ; can be translated as # 8220 ; on all degrees # 8221 ; or # 8220 ; on several degrees # 8221 ; . The ability to foreshorten and to distill unwritten address is one of the most of import abilities in the art of coincident interlingual rendition. But, in order non to belie the talker # 8217 ; s thought utilizing short words or excluding unneeded words he is forced to make up ones mind each clip what is otiose and should be omitted. e.g. # 8220 ; # 1043 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1089 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1088 ; # 1100 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1083 ; # 1086 ; # 1078 ; # 1080 ; # 1083 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1079 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1100 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1085 ; # 1092 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1094 ; # 1080 ; # 1102 ; # 8221 ; # 8220 ; The secretary of province proposed a conference # 8221 ; # 8220 ; # 1055 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1084 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1088 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1089 ; # 1103 ; 22 # 1089 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1090 ; # 1103 ; # 1073 ; # 1088 ; # 1103 ; # 8221 ; # 8220 ; The screening is on September 22 # 8221 ; # 8220 ; # 1069 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1099 ; # 1083 ; # 1086 ; # 1086 ; # 1087 ; # 1091 ; # 1073 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1075 ; # 1072 ; # 1079 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1053 ; # 1100 ; # 1102 ; # 1049 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1082 ; # 1058 ; # 1072 ; # 1081 ; # 1084 ; # 1089 ; # 8221 ; # 8220 ; This appeared in the New York Times # 8221 ; Though during the interlingual rendition from Russian into English the text is normally becomes shorter sometimes there are the opposite instances. It happens when the regulations of English grammar and the construction of the linguistic communication require add-on of the article or when the complex type of tense is used. e.g. # 8220 ; We shall hold been making this # 8221 ; The clip is passing on the interlingual rendition increases if the translator has to specify more exactly or explicate Russian realias. e.g. # 8220 ; # 1044 ; # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1086 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1096 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1076 ; # 1088 ; # 1091 ; # 1079 ; # 1100 ; # 1103 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1047 ; # 1040 ; # 1043 ; # 1057 ; , # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; # 1089 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1076 ; # 1100 ; # 1073 ; # 1091 ; # 1089 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1080 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 171 ; # 1040 ; # 1088 ; # 1073 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 187 ; # 8221 ; # 8220 ; In the afternoon they went to subscribe the matrimony register, and in the eventide they had a response in the Arbat # 8221 ; Metonymy and synecdoche, as the devices of coincident interlingual rendition, are used for the specification of common thought and the generalisation of typical or concrete happening. When there is no exact equivalent for a definite Russian impression or when the translator merely didn # 8217 ; t here some word he is frequently saved from failure by the permutation of the general happening by the concrete one and frailty versa. e.g. # 8220 ; # 1079 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1100 ; # 8221 ; ( # 1053 ; # 1091 ; # 1078 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1100 ; # 1079 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1100 ; # 1074 ; # 1089 ; # 1091 ; # 1087 ; ) # 8211 ; # 8220 ; parsley andotherherbs # 8221 ; If the translator all of a sudden forgets the word or the parlance he can utilize some other synonym even less exact. e.g. # 8220 ; # 1089 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1100 ; # 1087 ; # 1103 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1081 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1073 ; # 1091 ; # 8221 ; # 8211 ; ( every bit wise as Solomon ) # 8211 ; # 8220 ; He paid him a compliment # 8221 ; Antonymous inversion is another really utile device which helps to avoid a word-for-word interlingual rendition when it is necessary. The possibilities of antonymous use are really broad but they are non unbounded. Context ever plays a decisive function particularly by the inversion of idiomatic look. e.g. # 8220 ; # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1100 ; # 1089 ; # 1077 ; # 1073 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1093 ; # 8221 ; # 8211 ; # 8220 ; to be 2nd to none # 8221 ; # 8220 ; # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1076 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1100 ; # 1079 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1103 ; # 8221 ; # 8211 ; # 8220 ; tooverlook # 8221 ; Grammaticalinversion: # 8220 ; # 1048 ; # 1074 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; # 1099 ; # 1096 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1081 ; , # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1096 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1080 ; , # 1101 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; # 1087 ; # 1083 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1096 ; # 1077 ; # 1081 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 8230 ; # 8221 ; # 8220 ; Militarily and industrially, our state # 8217 ; s plans # 8230 ; # 8221 ; # 8220 ; # 1048 ; # 1093 ; # 1073 ; # 1099 ; # 1083 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1096 ; # 1077 ; # 8221 ; # 8220 ; Theyprevailed # 8221 ; Syntacticalinversion: # 8220 ; # 1054 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1079 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1077 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1101 ; # 1090 ; # 1091 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1102 ; # 8221 ; # 8220 ; This district fell to them # 8221 ; The hunt of semantic equivalents and turning away of a word-for-word interlingual rendition are two the most of import manner of interlingual rendition into idiomatic English. e.g. # 8220 ; # 1075 ; # 1083 ; # 1091 ; # 1073 ; # 1086 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1091 ; # 1073 ; # 1077 ; # 1078 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 8221 ; # 8211 ; # 8220 ; steadfastly convinced # 8221 ; # 8220 ; # 1080 ; # 1076 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; # 1082 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; # 1091 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1095 ; # 1091 ; # 8221 ; # 8211 ; # 8220 ; to suit person # 8221 ; # 8220 ; # 1089 ; # 1083 ; # 1091 ; # 1095 ; # 1072 ; # 1081 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1102 ; # 1076 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; # 1082 ; # 1077 ; # 8221 ; # 8211 ; # 8220 ; outsidersinpolitics # 8221 ; # 8220 ; # 1073 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1099 ; # 1077 ; # 1087 ; # 1103 ; # 1090 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; ( # 1074 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1096 ; # 1080 ; # 1093 ; # 1079 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1103 ; # 1093 ; ) # 8221 ; # 8211 ; # 8220 ; gaps # 8221 ; What of all time effectual the devices of interlingual rendition would be they don # 8217 ; t let go of the translator from the necessity to work out head job which consists in get awaying over-literal rendition during the interlingual rendition. They are extremely unsafe to use to specific impressions and alone realias of Russian civilization as they are deficiency of equivalents in English. The translator shouldn # 8217 ; t be limited by linguistics merely in order to happen better equivalents for such impressions. He must analyze different domains of human life in the state of the beginning linguistic communication: its history, literature, psychological science, etc. Merely in this manner there appears a possibility for the truth expert to carry through the most hard undertaking # 8211 ; to construe non merely from one linguistic communication into another linguistic communication but from one civilization into another./10/ Decision Oral interlingual rendition plays really of import portion in the universe. Russian and foreign business communities, scientists and politicians work side by side at different states and therefore they need interlingual rendition during commercial negotiations, subscribing of contracts and mundane communicating. During analyzing this work we tried to happen out the jobs of unwritten interlingual rendition and the manner these jobs may be solved. We have done it by happening redemption to the undermentioned undertakings: 6 ) We gave the definition to the impression # 8220 ; interlingual rendition # 8221 ; ; 7 ) We found out the difference between written and unwritten interlingual rendition ; 8 ) We characterized the types of unwritten interlingual rendition ; 9 ) We defined the jobs of unwritten interlingual rendition ; 10 ) We found assorted ways and interpreting devices for work outing those jobs. As a sort of practical activities interlingual rendition is a set of actions performed by the transcriber while rendering ST into another linguistic communication. These actions are mostly intuitive and the best consequences are of course achieved by transcribers who are best suited for the occupation, who are well-trained or have a particular aptitude, a endowment for it. Masterpieces in interlingual rendition are created by the past Masterss of the art, true creative persons in their profession. At its best interlingual rendition is an art, a creative activity of a gifted, high-skilled professional. As we have known, there two types of interlingual rendition: written and unwritten. As the names suggest, in written interlingual rendition the beginning text is in written signifier, as is the mark text. In unwritten interlingual rendition or reading the translator listens to the unwritten presentation of the original and translates it as an unwritten message in TL. As a consequence, in the first instance the Receptor of the interlingual rendition can read it while in the 2nd instance he hears it. Oral interlingual rendition falls into back-to-back and coincident. In back-to-back interlingual rendition the translating starts after the original address or some portion of it has been completed. In coincident reading the translator is supposed to be able to give his interlingual rendition while the talker is expressing the original message. In coincident reading the transcriber is expected to maintain gait with the fastest talkers, to understand all sorts of foreign speech patterns and faulty pronunciation, to think what the talker meant to state but failed to show due to his unequal proficiency in the linguistic communication he speaks. In back-to-back reading he is expected to listen to long addresss, taking the necessary notes, and so to bring forth his interlingual rendition in full or tight signifier, giving all the inside informations or merely the chief thoughts. Sometimes the translator is set a clip bound to give his rendition, which means that he will hold to cut down his interlingual rendition well, choosing and reproducing the most of import parts of the original and distributing with the remainder. This implies the ability to do a opinion on the comparative value of assorted messages and to generalise or compact the standard information. The translator must evidently be a good and quickwitted thinker./14/ Appendixs to the class paper # 8220 ; Problems of unwritten interlingual rendition # 8221 ; Beginning text Written interlingual rendition Coincident interlingual rendition Mr. President! Our gratitude and grasp are due to the retiring President, Mr. Fanfani, for his noteworthy part to the work of the predating session. # 1043 ; # 1085 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1089 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; ! # 1059 ; # 1093 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1103 ; # 1097 ; # 1080 ; # 1081 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1082 ; # 1091 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1089 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; , # 1075 ; # 1085 ; # 1060 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1092 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; , # 1079 ; # 1072 ; # 1089 ; # 1083 ; # 1091 ; # 1078 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1096 ; # 1077 ; # 1081 ; # 1073 ; # 1083 ; # 1072 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1072 ; # 1088 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1099 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1081 ; # 1086 ; # 1094 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1079 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1079 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1095 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1081 ; # 1074 ; # 1082 ; # 1083 ; # 1072 ; # 1076 ; , # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1099 ; # 1081 ; # 1086 ; # 1085 ; # 1074 ; # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1074 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1073 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1091 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1099 ; # 1076 ; # 1091 ; # 1097 ; # 1077 ; # 1081 ; # 1089 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1080 ; # 1040 ; # 1089 ; # 1089 ; # 1072 ; # 1084 ; # 1073 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1080 ; . # 1043 ; # 1085 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1089 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; ! # 1052 ; # 1099 ; # 1075 ; # 1083 ; # 1091 ; # 1073 ; # 1086 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1079 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1073 ; # 1099 ; # 1074 ; # 1096 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1091 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1089 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1102 ; , # 1075 ; # 1085 ; # 1091 ; # 1060 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1092 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; , # 1079 ; # 1072 ; # 1079 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1095 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1081 ; # 1074 ; # 1082 ; # 1083 ; # 1072 ; # 1076 ; # 1074 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1073 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1091 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1096 ; # 1083 ; # 1086 ; # 1081 ; # 1089 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1080 ; . In complimenting you, Sir, on your lift to the Presidency of this Assembly, the New Zealand deputation pledges its cooperation with you in your demanding responsibility of trying to impart in a positive way the authorization which the Assembly possesses. # 1055 ; # 1086 ; # 1079 ; # 1076 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1083 ; # 1103 ; # 1103 ; # 1042 ; # 1072 ; # 1089 ; , # 1075 ; # 1085 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1089 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; , # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1091 ; # 1042 ; # 1072 ; # 1096 ; # 1077 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1080 ; # 1079 ; # 1073 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1103 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1089 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1103 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1103 ; # 1097 ; # 1077 ; # 1081 ; # 1089 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1080 ; # 1040 ; # 1089 ; # 1089 ; # 1072 ; # 1084 ; # 1073 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1080 ; , # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1075 ; # 1072 ; # 1094 ; # 1080 ; # 1103 ; # 1053 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1081 ; # 1047 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1076 ; # 1080 ; # 1080 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1077 ; # 1097 ; # 1072 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1042 ; # 1072 ; # 1084 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1088 ; # 1091 ; # 1076 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1095 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1100 ; # 1089 ; # 1042 ; # 1072 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1099 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1080 ; # 1042 ; # 1072 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1081 ; # 1079 ; # 1072 ; # 1076 ; # 1072 ; # 1095 ; # 1080 ; , # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1103 ; # 1079 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1083 ; # 1102 ; # 1095 ; # 1072 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1089 ; # 1103 ; # 1074 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; , # 1 095 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1099 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1087 ; # 1099 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1100 ; # 1089 ; # 1103 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1100 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1073 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1091 ; # 1043 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1081 ; # 1040 ; # 1089 ; # 1089 ; # 1072 ; # 1084 ; # 1073 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1088 ; # 1091 ; # 1089 ; # 1083 ; # 1086 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1079 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1093 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1096 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1081 ; . # 1055 ; # 1086 ; # 1079 ; # 1076 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1083 ; # 1103 ; # 1103 ; # 1042 ; # 1072 ; # 1089 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1079 ; # 1073 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1089 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1103 ; # 1040 ; # 1089 ; # 1089 ; # 1072 ; # 1084 ; # 1073 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1080 ; , # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1075 ; # 1072 ; # 1094 ; # 1080 ; # 1103 ; # 1053 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1081 ; # 1047 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1076 ; # 1080 ; # 1080 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1077 ; # 1097 ; # 1072 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1088 ; # 1091 ; # 1076 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1095 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1100 ; # 1089 ; # 1042 ; # 1072 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1074 ; # 1099 ; # 108 7 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1080 ; # 1042 ; # 1072 ; # 1096 ; # 1077 ; # 1081 ; # 1079 ; # 1072 ; # 1076 ; # 1072 ; # 1095 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1100 ; # 1074 ; # 1085 ; # 1091 ; # 1078 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1091 ; # 1089 ; # 1083 ; # 1086 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1040 ; # 1089 ; # 1089 ; # 1072 ; # 1084 ; # 1073 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1080 ; . At a clip when the jobs of Asia are of such primary concern, it is wholly appropriate, as many have remarked before, that it should be the distinguished boy of Asia who presides over our deliberations. # 1042 ; # 1087 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; , # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1076 ; # 1072 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1099 ; # 1040 ; # 1079 ; # 1080 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1099