Immunology Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Immunology - Coursework Example In 1 sentence or less, clarify what could clarify the disappointment of this immunization. 21. In 2002, Diane Mathis and associates found the capacity a particle named AIRE that was basic for the counteraction of multi-organ immune system illness. How might you best depict the capacity of AIRE? Immunization alludes to the infusion of a microorganism in order to quicken the safe framework to counter the organism, in this manner forestalling ailment. Inoculations or Vaccinations, work through incitement of the invulnerable framework. The basic concern, it is illogical to oversee cell procedures to ensure that an infection that is replication-lacking won't normally become replication-capable. In the event that an infection transforms into replication-equipped, it conceivably will re-procure any qualities of pathogenic associated with the wild-type germ and could prompt sickness. Lymphocytes are accepted to enter the lymph hubs through a course of steps. Stage 1: Cells at first move on and tie endothelium by means of selectin-intervened communications; at that point experience an invigorated improvement in integrin action (stage 2. It at that point triggers them to stand solidly by endothelium through the association of Ig super-family particles of bond and integrins (stage 3). The cells that are solidly connected at that point trail a chemoattractant slant into tissues (stage 4). The integrins and selectins fundamental for the initial step include L-selectin. Stage 3 requires lymphocyte integrin LFA-1 (aLb2) that intervenes firm attachment through obliging to its ICAM-1, HEV-communicated counter-receptors. The atoms that are proficient in performing stage 2 and stage 4 capacities are Chemokines. CD28 and CTLA-4 are homologs, which each predicament B7; be that as it may, have restricting jobs. Despite the fact that CD28 co-animates T cells, CTLA-4 forestalls enactment of T cells through blocking cell cycle movement and cytokine creation. CTLA-4 is quickly prompted after actuation of T cells and has astounding inhibitory properties.

The Art of Food free essay sample

One day on the transport following a hauling 8 hours of school I couldnt stand by to return home, lie in bed and watch some TV, which was my standard daily practice after school. At the point when I returned home that day I stuffed my jacket and book sack in the storage room and getting into some agreeable garments for my rest. At the point when I laid in bed I heard a thump on my entryway. â€Å"Ugh extraordinary what does my grandpa need now† I snorted. I shouted â€Å"come in!† and a head flew in the split of my entryway. He at that point inquired as to whether I needed to assist him with supper that he had a migraine and he didnt feel better. Obviously like some other youngster I fought no, gave him mentality and said I was worn out and needed to rest. He smoothly said â€Å" OK that’s fine.† After five minutes or so I was feeling regretful lastly got the vitality to get up and assist him with getting ready supper. We will compose a custom article test on The Art of Food or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page He was making rice, chicken, and beans like he generally was nevertheless I never truly focused on how much work it truly took to make supper consistently for around 5 individuals. He showed me how to cook rice and cleave veggies and how to flame broil chicken. Everything was really interesting to me and I was somewhat having a fabulous time doing it. He at that point conversed with me about working in a kitchen in Cuba working from 7 am to 10 pm regularly so as to help my grandmother and their 5 children. He educated me regarding the woman who encouraged him all that he thought about cooking, Angelita Arias. She showed him how to truly acknowledge food and basically he grew an adoration for food and that’s what he was giving to me. Since that day I generally get back home from school anxious to help my grandpa in the kitchen and see what we were sauteing, searing, grilling, fricasseeing that day. My grandpa acquainted me with an actual existence I didnt know existed, somethin g people don’t truly focus on which is the craft of food, the specialty of transforming nothing into something supernatural and heavenly. Since the time that day I understood what I needed to do with my life, to turn into a culinary expert and offer my adoration for food with the world and I can just thank my grandpa for that.

Motion Creates Emotion 3 Simple Ways To Break Your Pattern

Motion Creates Emotion 3 Simple Ways To Break Your Pattern Its difficult to roll out of bed some days. Sometimes you just dont feel motivated: You dont want to create. You dont want to contribute. You dont want to do anything. Sometimes youd rather sit passively in front of the television and watch the world progress without you. We know, it happens to us, too. Sometimes we procrastinate or we simply dont feel like doing something. But then we do three things that allow us to break our pattern and take action. Good news, theyre all pretty easy: 1. Accountability Partners.  Together, your two authors,  exercise with each other five days a  week. It helps to have someone else there to make sure we show up when we need to show up and to make sure we give it a little extra effort each time. Who is your accountability partner? It can be via phone, in person, or even email or text. Get one. 2. Take the First Step. We tend to put things off, especially boring or mundane tasks (doing the dishes, laundry, writing, etc.), but if we take the first step, we get momentum and we are much more likely to complete the task. Sometimes we just need to take that first stepâ€"as difficult as that might seem at timesâ€"and the rest falls in line. 3. Change Your State. If we dont feel like getting up or doing anything, we will drastically change our physiology (go for a walk, do push-ups, change our breathing, run as fast as we can for 30 seconds, etc.). Motion creates emotion. These three things will get you moving in the right direction. Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

The opportunities and pitfalls of cloud computing Free Essay Example, 2500 words

However, since the inception of the cloud computing, most of the barriers to the entry for starting a company have been dramatically reduced and the cloud computing may have removed this strategic advantage away from the large corporations (Cunningham, & Wilkins, 2009). This, therefore, leaves the small talented team of the individuals to address the perceived market needs. Additionally, this alleviates the need for the venture capital funds that provides the necessary IT infrastructures. Cloud computing creates a learning environment that can surpass the restrictions posed by the location and time that most students face. With the cloud computing, there is a learning environment whereby the students can log in to the online blackboards, downloading the course materials, taking the tests and exams or completing the assignments in a more flexible manner. Additionally, the cloud computing can increase the interoperability between the different institutions that are using the same clou d provider and hence promoting the joint research programs and the exchange of the vital scientific information and the databases between the researchers (Hwang, Dongarra, & Fox, 2013). The utilization of the cloud computing can lead to the reduction of the costs related to the IT infrastructure that are necessary for the standard internet network service. We will write a custom essay sample on The opportunities and pitfalls of cloud computing or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now This, therefore, makes the cloud computing particularly very appealing to the governments and businesses that lack the financial means of covering the internet IT support and the recurring hardware costs. For instance, in the education sector, several universities, especially in the developing countries, use the Software as a Service (SaaS) applications whereby the cloud servers host the virtual interfaces of the educational contents. With the cloud services, the educational systems can facilitate the on-line courses, the payroll systems, student emails and the improvements of the cross-campus collaborations between the various university departments. Due to the flexible nature of the cloud services, the educational institutes and universities are able to use some of the cloud services on demand thus helping in the saving of the funds that can be allocated for other services. Another advantage of the cloud computing is in the health sector, especial ly in the developing countries whereby the majority of the people resides in the remote or rural areas. The mobile health applications are important for the health workers in delivering the efficient healthcare services to the rural areas by providing the range of the services.

Essay on Biography of George Washington the First American...

George Washington was the first president of the United States. I think as my opinion, George Washington being president was a major turning point in US history. Mr. Washington had an interesting early life, before he was the president. Same goes for his presidency and after his presidency. Here is a overall look at George Washington’s life. George Washington was born on February 11, 1732 in Westmoreland, Virginia, British America, in his parents Pope’s Creek Estate. George Washington was the first child of Augustine Washington and Augustine’s second wife, Mary Ball Washington. Augustine Washington belonged to the Colony of Virginias landed gentry and was a planter and slaveholder. Mary Bell Washington was a stay home mom just like most†¦show more content†¦After Lawrences death (1752), George inherited part of his estate and took over some of Lawrences duties as adjutant of the colony. As district adjutant, which made (Dec., 1752) him Major Washington at the age of 20, he was charged with training the militia in the quarter assigned him. George Washington married Martha Custis in 1759. Martha Custis was a rich widow who had two children named Martha and John, however George and Martha did not have children together (Wikipedia). Washington was unanimously elected President of the United States of America by electors in early 1789 and again in 1792. Both votes were unanimous. John Adams was his vice-president. Washingtons first inauguration took place in New York City, New York (which was the first capital of the USA, from 1789 to 1790). Washingtons second inauguration took place in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (it was the capital from 1790 to 1800). Washington refused a third Presidential term, saying in his farewell speech that a longer rule would give one man too much power. George Washington remains the only president to have received 100 percent of the electoral votes. Washington was not a member of any political party and hoped that they would not be formed, fearing conflict that would undermine republicanism. During Washingtons presidency, the Bill of Rights was adoptedShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book Into The Wild By Jon Krakauer1686 Words   |  7 Pagesfreedom and exemption. Washington and McCandless are similar because they did something most people would not. They both stepped out of the ordinary society and decided to do what they think is best. For example, Washington led the Continental Army against the great British Empire, and Chris left his normal and traditional life, to seek a life of adventure and determined to go on a journey across the United States. Washington became the first president of the United States. Washington was also the onlyRead MoreHow Do Americans View George Washington and Christopher Columbus Today?772 Words   |  4 PagesWashington had an impact on America during the late 1700’s, and Columbus had an impact on what he hoped was the West Indies in the late 1400’s and early 1500’s. George Washington and Christopher Columbus are viewed in two complete different ways. Columbus found America and brought the early English settlements over. Washington helped found our country. However even though both men affected our country both are viewed differently than today. George Washington set a legacy that we are still followingRead MorePresident George Bush Essay894 Words   |  4 PagesGeorge W. Bush was born in New Haven, Connecticut on July 6, 1946. Just like other presidents, he had his good times and his bad times. He was the forty-third president of The United States. Because of those who had preceded him in The Oval Office, he understood the importance of being the Commander in Chief. In all of the events that happened during his presidency he never gave up on his country (Biography; Gale: Vol 21). The Bush family moved to Texas when George was only two years old. GeorgeRead MoreBipgraphy of George Washington Essays1015 Words   |  5 PagesYes, George Washington was our first president so he had to be a good leader, but everybody struggles. Of course, this did apply to George Washington and he was still the best man to begin our country’s government. To discover the details, however, investigation and explanation is required. Born in 1732 at Wakefield Plantation in Virginia, George Washington became his father’s eldest of six children in his second marriage. His father did his best to provide him with tutors and private schoolsRead MoreAccomplishments And Failures Of George Washington1738 Words   |  7 Pages21 April 2017 Many Triumphs and Failures of George Washington. George Washington had enormous amounts of failures, but he had achieved great things as well. From being a young boy living in Pope’s Creek, Virginia to becoming the president of the United States. He has faced a lot of hardships and failures. But through all of his hardships throughout his life he has become the greatest president of the United States, George Washington. George Washington had early influences as a child. His childhoodRead MoreAccomplishments And Failures Of George Washington1738 Words   |  7 Pages21 April 2017 Many Triumphs and Failures of George Washington. George Washington had enormous amounts of failures, but he had achieved great things as well. From being a young boy living in Pope’s Creek, Virginia to becoming the president of the United States. He has faced a lot of hardships and failures. But through all of his hardships throughout his life he has become the greatest president of the United States, George Washington. George Washington had early influences as a child. His childhoodRead MoreGeorge Washington : Man, Myth, Legend Essay1193 Words   |  5 PagesFrom cutting a cherry tree at the age of six to being the first president of the United States George Washington was a very influential man throughout his career. The topics of discussion will be his life before, during, and after his career, his major events, and the effects of his major events on the world. There shall be three subtopics amongst each main topic. For the first section, the subtopics are the importance of his birthdate and birthplace, childhood life, and his education. The secondRead MoreGeorge Washington : The American Of American National History Essay1288 Words   |  6 PagesGeorge Washington stands at the origins of American national history. Many Americans call him â€Å"the father of our country†. Washington commanded the Continental Army in the Revolutionary War. He led the American colonists to freedom fro m British rule. He headed the convention that created the U.S. Constitution, as president of the republic Washington has created a basis for a federal government in which the Americans were able to find their national agreement. Despite his accomplishments as a generalRead MoreAnalysis of William M Thayers A Biography of George Washington: The Patriot President691 Words   |  3 Pages In his biography of Americas founding father and first president, George Washington: The Patriot President, author William M. Thayer describes the heroic acts of leadership that Washington displayed while fighting in the American Revolution and during his two terms as President. Using a personal style that appeals to young readers, Thayer provides many glimpses into the private life of George Washington that give a better impression of the man behind one of historys most legendary figures. ByRead MoreAccomplishments And Failures Of George Washington1765 Words   |  8 PagesFailures of George Washington. As a young boy, George Washington grew up in a small town in Pope’s Creek, Virginia.   Ã‚  Ã‚  He came from this small town in hopes of achieving great things, like becoming the first president of the United States.   He faced many failures, but by overcoming them, he made many great achievements.   Although, he faced hardship and failures, he did not let those get in the way of his goals.   He became one of the greatest presidents of the United States of America. George Washington

Christopher Marlowe Works During The Renaissance Free Essays

Many major and influential authors emerged during the Renaissance. Among these talented individuals was Christopher Marlowe. Marlowe and his fellow writers of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, impacted the course of writing, which preceded their life. We will write a custom essay sample on Christopher Marlowe Works During The Renaissance or any similar topic only for you Order Now Their works continue to be read and studied by numerous people, to this day. Christopher Marlowe was a dominant English poet and playwright, who perhaps was William Shakespeare†s most important predecessor in England (Britannica 917). Of all writers in the Elizabethan era, he was perhaps the most dashing, tempestuous, and appealing (Microsoft Encarta). Although Marlowe was considered the most important dramatist, prior to Shakespeare, his entire career as a playwright lasted only six years. Marlowe was born on February 6th, 1564 in Canterbury, England. His father, John Marlowe, was a shoemaker and tanner. His mother, Catherine Author, was the daughter of a clergyman. Marlowe attended Kings School in Canterbury, England. At Kings School, he received a very regimented education, which was considered one of the best available during that time. The school day began and ended with a prayer at six am and five p. m. respectively. In addition to daily instruction in religion and music, they also sang the morning mass in the Cathedral. The boys were allowed to speak solely in Latin, even while at play. He was granted a scholarship, established by Matthew Perry, to attend Corpus Christi College in Cambridge. (Gale Research) After receiving his BA in 1584, he became known as â€Å"Dominus† Marlowe(. At age twenty-one, his motto was â€Å"That which nourishes me, destroys me† (Kunitz 823). This statement foretold and shaped his writing style. From thereafter, many absences from the university were recorded. In 1587, he was allowed to obtain his Masters, only after the Privy Council sent a letter to the university making it very clear that his service to the government had frequently taken him abroad. He left Cambridge after six and a half years of study with the intention of taking holy orders and entering the Anglican Church, as ordained by his scholarship. However, instead he entered the government service, as an agent. In edition, Marlowe became a playwright for the London theatres. As an occasional actor in 1589, Marlowe maintained his role as a regular dramatist for the Lord Admirals Company. He also wrote for The Earl of Nottinghams Companies. Marlowe was often in trouble with the law, and little is known about his life, aside from his writings. He led an adventurous and dissolute life. Earlier playwrights concentrated on comedy, while Marlowe worked on tragedy, and advanced it considerably as a dramatic medium. By uncovering the great possibilities for strength and variety of expression in blank verse, Marlowe helped to establish the verse as the predominant form in the English drama. His first successful play, Tamburlaine the Great, was divided into two sections, parts one and two. It appeared that originally Marlowe intended to only write the first part. However, the popularity of the first part motivated him to create a second part. It was produced at Rose Theatre from 1587 to 1588, and published by R. Jhones in 1590. The ambition-maddened hero, in Tamburlaine the Great, was a shepherd, who desired the crown, luxury and power. However, his conquests were damaged by his absurdity. Tamburlaine marked the birth of the Shakespearean drama. The following lines from Tamburlaine illustrate Marlowe†s opinion of human glory: Nature that fram†d us of four elements Warring within our breasts for regiment, Doth teach us all to have aspiring minds: Our souls, whose faculties can comprehend The wondrous architecture of the world, And measure every wandering planet†s course, Still climbing after knowledge infinite, And always moving as the restless spheres, Wills us to wear ourselves and never rest, That perfect bliss and sole felicity, The sweet fruitition of an earthly crown. (Britannica 917) His masterpiece, The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus, told of a man selling his soul for the price of all knowledge. This appealed to the superstitious Elizabethans. It was produced in 1594 as Dr. Faustus at the Rose Theatre. V. Simmes published The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus in 1604. The following lines from this work show the possible redemption through Christ†s blood: The stars move still, time runs, the clock will strike, The devil will come, and Faustus must be damn†d. O, I†ll leap up to my God! -Who pulls me down? – See, see, where Christ†s blood streams in the firmament! One drop would save my soul, half a drop: ah, my Christ! – Ah, rend not my heart for naming of my Christ! Yet will I call on him: O, spare me, Lucifer! – Where is it now? ’tis gone: and see, where God Stretcheth out his arm, and bends his ireful brows! Mountains and hills, come, come, and fall on me, And hide me from the heavy wrath of God! (Britannica 918) In addition to writing plays, Marlowe also wrote poetry. His major poetic work was Hero and Leander. This was incomplete at his death, the first two sections were completed at his death and the remaining two were finished by George Chapman in 1598, almost five years after Marlowe†s death. Marlowes writing here shows an amazing skill in the management of the narrative decasyllable couplet. No agreement was reached as to the composition date of this poem, but it is ranked as a major work along with Tamburlaine and Faustus. Marlowe began writing poetry and performing plays, when he entered Kings School. His education shaped him to become the genius who first created the Shakespearean blank verse drama. This is why many hailed him as â€Å"The Morning Star†, of the turning point from comedy to drama in England (Marlowe Society Home Page). Marlowe had a dangerous reputation for being â€Å"atheist†; however, he could have had just unorthodox beliefs. He was aquatinted with Sir Walter Raleigh, who was adventurous in his religious beliefs. Marlowe was summoned on May 18th, 1593, to appear before the Privy Council for accounts of â€Å"atheism and immortality†. The charge was a heresy and a most serious crime; the ultimate penalty was burning at the stake. Despite the seriousness of the crime, Marlowe was released bail, however he had to appear at the court daily. Marlowe escaped to Debtford, England. He stayed at Dame Eleanor Bull†s house who hired out rooms and served meals. Marlowe was murdered there on May 30th, 1593, at age 29. The strange circumstances for Marlowes murder in that room in Debtford, have been the subject for many debates. Four men were present at the house on that day Robert Poley was an experienced government agent who carried the Queens most secret letters to and from the courts in Europe. He had arrived from Debtford, straight from The Hague, where he had been on the Queens business. Igram Frizer was the personal servant and business agent of Marlowe†s patron, Thomas Walsingham. Nicholas Skeres often assisted Poley. Poley, Skeres and Frizer were all experienced con men and liars. Also present that day was Christopher Marlowe. Some believe that the cause of his murder was a dispute over a dinner bill. Others believed that Marlowe was murdered because the three men believed that he knew too much about the government. Although the facts surrounding his death are unknown, the end result was Marlowe†s death by stab wounds. Igram Frizer was accused of the murder of Marlowe, however he was pardoned on June 28th, 1593. Marlowe was buried in Debtford on June 1st, 1593. The death of Christopher Marlowe led many scholars to theorize that he faked his death and assumed the name William Shakespeare to escape the Privy Council. Shakespeare was born two months after Marlowe, and he became very popular shortly after the death of Marlowe. Little is known about Shakespeare other then mentioned of his poor education. There is not much evidence of his existence other then baptism paper, and a will left leaving his bed to his wife. There is no mention of his works or manuscripts in his will Marlowe began his career as a poet and playwright towards the end of the Renaissance. The Renaissance was the period from about 1350 to 1600 in which European scholars revived the learning of ancient Greece and Rome. It was a period in European history that saw a renewed interest in the arts. In this time, the middle ages and feudal times were transformed into a society dominated by the arts. It was a time of achievements in the arts and sciences as well as a period when people were deeply concerned with religious issues. Renaissance is a French word meaning â€Å"rebirth†. Scholars reacted against what they saw as the â€Å"dark ages† of medieval Europe and revived the learning of ancient Greece and Rome. Like painting and sculpture, literature expressed the attitudes of the Renaissance. The middle class formed a demanding new audience, which enjoyed dramatic tales rather the comedies. Literature was often written in the common language, but some continued to write in Latin. Literature emphasized religious as well as worldly themes. Invention of printing during the Renaissance greatly increased the number of book available. In the fourteenth century, Europeans learned from Arabs who had previously learned from the Chinese how to make paper from rags and wood pulp. The fifteenth century invention of movable type by Johann Gutenberg also shaped the way literature had previously been written. Gutenberg developed a type of metal that could be used to make movable type. In 1455, the first complete edition of the bible was printed; this started the era of printed books. More and more pieces began to be printed up, and thus decreased the cost of books, making them more available and more popular (Beers 245). Each of Marlowe†s play included a protagonist with single passion that dominated them. The character is doomed to destruction due to their desire of power. He had a background of classical and theological learning. Marlowe â€Å"turned blank verse into a supple instrument for dramatic expression†. (Gale Research). Marlowe worked on tragedy and advanced it immensely. â€Å"Marlowe shows the power to view a tragic hero from more then one angle, achieving a simultaneous vision of grandeur and impotence† (Microsoft Encarta). Renaissance impacted Marlowe due to the desire of the middle class for tragedy rather then comedy, which had previously been the focus of European literature. Marlowe was one of the first writers of drama and tragedy that shaped the history of Europe. Marlowe laid the foundation of tragedy of what would rise up as a new era, known as the Shakespearean Era. Writing was a competition and was taken very seriously by writers including Marlowe. Writers are impacted tremendously by the time period that is taken place during their careers. The Renaissance was a time of new ways of writing and expressing ideas, which impacted the attitudes of the people. The writers changed their style to reflect the time and attitudes. They influence the minds of people to think about their ideas and opinions on a particular subject. Writers can persuade people concerning a topic by revealing the positive and negative aspects of it. Marlowe was an influential and powerful writer. It was unfortunate that his career was cut short. He had a very promising career, but his own decision to become a government agent endangered his career and stopped him from becoming an more popular and productive playwright. How to cite Christopher Marlowe Works During The Renaissance, Essay examples

System Studies and Technological Advances

Question: Discuss about the System Studies and Technological Advances. Answer: Introduction: In this experiment ischemia can be triggered by the mediators released from the tissues. Receptors specific to the cardiomyocytes like A1 and A3, bradykinin B2, 1-adrenergic, AT1 angiotensin II, muscarinic M2, and -opioid receptors can be stimulated by the released mediators. Both single and multiple pathway ischemia protection can be achieved by using freshly isolated cardiomyocytes. Isolated cardiomyocytes experiment would be valuable tool for the evaluation of the mechanistic insight of the ischemia. In comparison with the whole heart experiment, use of cardiomyocytes would be helpful in eliminating endothelial cells and fibroblasts, which would affect analysis. Pure cardiomyocytes would give more robust analysis of desired cell signaling as compared to the whole heart. Visibility using microscope is the most prominent advantage of cardiomyocytes. More number of cells can be made available in freshly isolated cardiomyocytes as compared to the cell cultures. Limitations: Isolated cardiomyocytes cannot be used for longer time and repeated use of cardiomyocytes is not possible. In the isolation of cardiomyocytes from blood vessel and extracellular matrix, there is the possibility of loss of vital features of pathophysiology of ischemia. Isolated cardiomyocytes are not capable of reproducing ischemia mechanisms similar to the whole heart 1 . Methods: Cardiomyocytes will be isolated form isolated heart by enzymatic digestion using calcium-free medium containing collagenase and trypsin. Isolated cardiomyocytes will be centrifuged at very slow speed to get pellet with fluid spread over pellet with fluid volume of one-third volume of the pellet. Supernatant will be covered with oil and will be incubated at 37C. Preconditioning will be performed by incubation in the absence of glucose. Evaluation of occurrence of ischemia and effect of Bob on the ischemia in cardiomyocytes will be evaluated using Tryptan Blue staining. Four set of isolated cardiomyocytes will be there like normal cardiomyocytes, ischemia induced cardiomyocytes, ischemia induced cardiomyocytes incubated with different concentrations of Bob and cardiomyocytes incubated with Cyclosporin A. Cyclosporin A will be used as positive control in this experiment. Cyclosporin A was already evaluated in the cardiomyocytes ischemia experiment and it was proved that Cyclosporin A exhibited its action through cytochrome C which is the mechanism of action Bob. Negative control will be used without any treatment and it will useful in the evaluation of induction of the ischemia in the isolated cardiomyocytes. Following are the end results of this experiment. Viability of the cells using Tryptan Blue will be useful in the evaluating recovery of cardiomyocytes from ischemia after treatment with Bob. Autofluorescence of NADH in the mitochondrial matrix will be evaluated to assess the redox state of the cardiomyocytes. This redox state will be helpful in inferring the severity of ischemia in negative control, Bob treated cardiomyocytes and Cyclosporin A treated cardiomyocytes. Langendoorf rat heart perfusion set up to allow ischemia-reperfusion Objective: To evaluate effect of Bob on myocardial ischemia in Langendoorf rat heart perfusion. Rationale: Langendorff isolated heart is a robust model for evaluating ischemia reperfusion injury. Advantages: Langendoorf rat heart perfusion set up can be used to evaluate real-time pharmacological treatments. It is also useful to get the uniform size of the infracted tissue and also useful in the application of drug directly to the myocardium. In vivo models are useful only in the end point analysis ischemia reperfusion injury, while Langendoorf rat heart perfusion is also useful in the functional analysis of the ischemia reperfusion in real time. Limitations: Isolated heart is continuously deteriorating and it can be useful only for short duration. Isolated heart preparations are denerveted and due to this exact pathological ischemia are difficult to achieve. Methods: Heart will be isolated. Aorta will be cannulated to the reservoir containing oxygenated perfusion fluid. Perfusion fluid will be contained in the sintered glass jacketed reservoir above the isolated heart. Regional ischemia will be induced by perfusing heart with KrebsHenseleit solution. Perfusion will be continued for 15 minutes and ischemia will be induced for 30 minutes. Apoptotic cells will be identified by the dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) using CardioTACS. Heart tissue will be fixed in the 3.7 % formaldehyde for 24 hours and will be embedded in the paraffin. Mitochondria will be isolated and mitochondrial respiration will be measured using Clarke-type oxygen electrotode. Cyclosporin A will be used in the washing buffer. Skinned cardiac fibers will be prepared and these fibers will be used for measurement of oxygen uptake. Level of cytochrome c will be measured by solubilizing cardiac fibers in Triton X-100. Cytochrome c will be measured using western blotting. Protei ns will be identified using primary monoclonal antibodies to cytochrome c using ECL western blotting detection reagents. Caspase activity in the heart homogenate will be measured in sucrose based medium. Cytosolic protein will be incubated with buffer and z-DEVD-pnitroanilide which is a caspase 3substrate. Caspase will be measured using spectrophotometer at 405 nm. Cyclosporin A will be used as positive control in this experiment. Heart will be preperfused with Cyclosporine A for about 15 minutes. Cyclosporine A protects heart from ischemia by preventing loss of cytochrome c. Use of Cyclosporine A is valid in this experiment because, Bob also exhibits similar mechanism of action. In this experiment, negative control will be without any type of treatment. This negative control will be useful in the evaluation of induction of ischemia and also evaluation of treatment effect of Bob and cyclosporine A. Results: Cyclosporine A and Bob will be reducing level of cytochrome c release from the ischemic isolated rat heart. Pretreatment of heart with Cyclosporine A and Bob will be resulting in the no decrease in the respiratory rate of mitochondria which will be measured using membrane potential. Also, dependence of cytochrome release on caspase will be evaluated in this experiment. Cyclospprine A and Bob will be inhibiting ischemia-induced caspase activation. Transient coronary artery ligation Objective: To evaluate effect of Bob on transient coronary artery ligation model of ischemia-reperfusion. Rationale: Transient coronary artery ligation model exhibits exact ischemia pathology. Advantages: Availability of experimental rat makes this model more feasible. Possibility of genetic modification in rat leads to the development of more specific model. Possibility of reperfusion makes this model make more clinically relevant because reperfusion always occurs in clinical setting prior to treatment. Ischemic period can be effectively controlled in this model based on the requirement of the intervention. Limitations: Variability of infract size is more in this rat surgical model. Variation of the infract size is mainly depends on the location of ligation, hence it is very important to select same location for all the animals in the study. Range of infract size is between 20 90 % of the entire left ventricle and as a result this model requires large number of animals in a study. Variability due to modification in the surgical procedure has also been reported from different laboratories. Also, there is reported variability due to different time of analysis. Despite the benefits of reperfusion, there is the possibility of damage of part of the myocardium 8-9. Methods: Rats will be approved from the Institutional Ethical Committee. Rats will be housed and procedure will be carried out in the aseptic condition. Rats will be anesthetized with suitable anesthetic agent. Chest and neck region of the rat will be shaved and will be placed in supine position under a stereomicroscope. Transient coronary artery ligation will be performed by making incision in the skin, chest muscle will be separated and thoracotomy will be performed in the fourth intercostals space. Pericardium will be removed and left coronary artery will ligated at 1 mm distal end of the tip of left auricle with the help of 7-0 polypropylene suture. Ligated artery will be released after 30 minutes of ischemia. Rats survived after surgery will be assigned to different treatment groups like curaglutide and Bob. Sham control group will performed with the similar surgical procedure without ligation of the coronary artery. Drugs will be administered to the animals intraperitoneally at different time points after reperfusion like 0, 5, 15 and 30 minutes. Sham control animals will be treated with normal saline. An additional set of animals will be utilized for the evaluation of caspase 3 activity. Each sample will be homogenized with RIPA buffer containing protease inhibitor and will be centrifuged. Fluorescence of the protein in treatment groups will be measured and will be compared with protein of the sham treated group to evaluate activity of caspase 3 activity. Tunnel assay will be performed to measure apoptotic rate. After the antigen retrieval it will be incubated with monoclonal antibody against actin and it will be stained with 6-diamidino-2-phenylinidole (DAPI) 10-12. Curaglutide will be used as positive control as it already proved its efficacy in the transient coronary artery ligation model. Negative control will be considered as the group with surgery without any type of treatment. Results obtained will be decrease in the caspase 3 activity and reduction in the infract size. Other hemodynamic parameters will also be evaluated like left ventricular systolic pressure and heart rate. References: Diaz, RJ, and Wilson GJ. Studying ischemic preconditioning in isolated cardiomyocyte models. Cardiovascular Research, vol. 70, no. 2, 2006, pp. 286-96. Lolita, Portal, Valrie, Martin, and Rana, Assaly. A Model of Hypoxia-Reoxygenation on Isolated Adult Mouse Cardiomyocytes Characterization, Comparison With Ischemia-Reperfusion, and Application to the Cardioprotective Effect of Regular Treadmill Exercise. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, vol. 18, no. 4, 2013, pp. 367-375. Eva, M Caldern-Snchez , Alejandro, Domnguez-Rodrguez, Jos, Lpez-Haldn, and Manuel Jimnez-Navarro. Cardioprotective Effect of Ranolazine in the Process of Ischemia-reperfusion in Adult Rat Cardiomyocytes. Revista Espaola de Cardiologa, Vol. 69, no. 1, 2015, pp. 45-53. Ronglih, Liao, Bruno, K. Podesser, and Chee, Chew Lim. The continuing evolution of the Langendorff and ejecting murine heart: new advances in cardiac phenotyping. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, vol. 303, no. 2, 2012, pp. H156H167. Vilmante, Borutaite, Aiste, Jekabsone, Ramune, Morkuniene, and Guy, C. Brown Inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition prevents mitochondrial dysfunction, cytochrome c release and apoptosis induced by heart ischemia. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, vol. 35, 2003, pp. 357366. Olejnickova, V, Novakova, M, and Provaznik, I. Isolated heart models: cardiovascular system studies and technological advances. Search Results. Medical Biological Engineering Computing, vol. 53, no. 7, 2015, pp. 669-78. Bell, RM, Mocanu, MM, and Yellon, DM. Retrograde heart perfusion: the Langendorff technique of isolated heart perfusion. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, vol. 50, no. 6, 2011, pp. 940-50. Garcia-Dorado, D, Ruiz-Meana, M, and Piper, HM. Lethal reperfusion injury in acute myocardial infarction: facts and unresolved issues. Cardiovascular Research, vol. 83, 2009, pp. 165168. Toldo, S, Breckenridge, DG, Mezzaroma, E, Van Tassell, BW, Shryock, J, Kannan, H, et al. Inhibition of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 reduces myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in the mouse. Journal of the American Heart Association, 2012, 1:e002360. doi:10.1161/JAHA.112.002360. Preda, MB, and Burlacu, A. Electrocardiography as a tool for validating myocardial ischemia-reperfusion procedures in mice. Comparative Medicine, vol. 60, no. 6, 2010, pp. 443-7. Javier, Inserte, Maria, Cardona, Marcos, Poncelas-Nozal, Vctor, Hernando, and rsula, Vilardosa. Studies on the role of apoptosis after transient myocardial ischemia: genetic deletion of the executioner caspases-3 and -7 does not limit infarct size and ventricular remodeling. Basic Research in Cardiology, vol. 111, no. 18, 2016, 10.1007/s00395-016-0537-6. Oerlemans, MI, Koudstaal, S, Chamuleau, SA, de Kleijn, DP, Doevendans, PA, and Sluijter, JP. Targeting cell death in the reperfused heart: pharmacological approaches for cardioprotection. International Journal of Cardiology, vol. 165, 2016, pp. 410422.

WWII Why did the U.S. get involved in the war Essay Example For Students

WWII: Why did the U.S. get involved in the war? Essay At the beginning, the United States expressed the determination toremain a neutral nation. When W.W.II began, opinions among the Americans weredivided. Some felt that the Nazi Germany was not only a threat to Europe anddemocracy, but to civilization itself. Other believed that Europes wars wereno affairs of the U.S. As the war progressed, the U.S. found itself getting involved. Theyfelt sympathy for the British after what happened at Dunkirk. They startedhelping G.B. with weapons and food. 50 old American naval destroyers were sentto Britain. Now it was clear the U.S. were on the Allies side but they stillwerent physically involved in the big war. On December 7, 1941, the Japanese launched a surprise attack on theAmerican naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Their aim was to strike such asevere blow that the U.S. would not rival the Japanese in the Pacific(boy werethey wrong or what). American ships were sunk or badly damaged. American deadtotaled over 2,300. The United States werent going to take that from theJapanese and on December 8, 1941, congress declared war on Japan and so did theBritish Parliament. Three days later, Germany and Italy declared war on theU.S., and the congress replied with its own declaration of war. At this time,the United States of America were full-fledged belligerent in World War II. We will write a custom essay on WWII: Why did the U.S. get involved in the war? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now

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The Federal Reserve System Coursework Example The Federal Reserve System Coursework – Coursework Example The Federal Reserve System The structure of the Federal Reserve Banks and Board of GovernorsThe structure of the Federal Reserve Banks is a complete one. There are twelve districts where the Federal Reserve Banks are administered with the view of devolving power. Such a system also enables for satisfactory management of the Federal Reserve Banks payment system. The board of governors of each Federal Reserve Bank is constituted of three bankers and three business leaders. Three of the board members are government appointees, and this composition is designed with a view to demonstrating a different perspective in matters pertinent to decision making within the banks. It also helps the government by keeping an eye on issues that are related to decision making. The action of the board of governors and the operations of the banks are governed by laws to forestall any cases of irregularity. One of the recommendations is to improve on marketplace and technological developments such as elect ronic banking. This will help in coping with the increased competition that has been experienced by the private sector (United States, 1996).Independence of the Federal Reserve SystemThe Federal Reserve System ought to be independent of any political influence when undertaking to implement and design its monetary policy. Essentially speaking, economic decisions and measures cannot be left in the hands of the political elite such as the President and the US Congress. For economic development to be spurred and its effects to trickle down to the common man, highly educated and specialized economists who exude substantial experience must be engaged. This will guarantee sound decision making and creation of monetary policies that benefit the common man through extensive research and periodical economic evaluation and analysis.ReferencesTop of FormUnited States. (1996). Federal Reserve System: Current and future challenges require systemwide attention : report to congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: The Office. Bottom of FormTop of FormTop of Form

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E Waste Management Processes In Malaysia Environmental Sciences Essay

E Waste Management Processes In Malaysia Environmental Sciences Essay With rapid technological advancement, increasing demand of electrical and electronic as well as short lifespan of the products has lead to the increase in e-waste generation. Hence, E-waste generation has become a concern. E-waste management requires different approach compare to conventional management of traditional wastes. This is because of E-waste complex characteristic where its contain hazardous substances which pose risk to human health and environment. Understanding E-waste management and to determine the best approach is a difficult task due to lack of study in Malaysia and reliable data on management system. This paper aimed to assess the current practice of E-waste management in Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. The data presented in this paper derived mostly from the secondary sources of various literatures and interview with main stakeholders in e-waste management were conducted in order to understand the current issue and problem in e-waste management. Managing E-waste in Malaysia is challenging due to its hazardous characteristic and the generation currently at an alarming rate where it is reported that E-waste will be expected to triple output in next five years. Therefore, the cooperation from all level of management from key stakeholders is needed in order to ensure the risk of E-waste can be control at the minimum level. Keywords: Electrical and electronic waste, E-waste, management Introduction In view of the vision 2020 aim for Malaysia, the countrys wish to become a fully develop nation in the year 2020 has meant that Malaysia is not only encourages economic and social growth, but also environmental issues are addressed (Pelle Getke, 2008). One of the major environmental problems in Malaysia is the production of new waste in the waste streams namely electrical and electronic waste. Electrical and electronic waste, also known as electronic waste or electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), or in short called e-waste is consist of electrical or electronic products that can be categorized into white goods or bulky waste such as refrigerators, washing machines and brown goods such as computers, televisions, mobile phones, etc when comes to its end of life for their current owner (D.S Khetriwal, 2007). It also can be define as waste types that consist of broken or unwanted electronic appliances. E-waste is one of the fastest growing waste issues in the world where it forms 1% of solid waste on an average in developed countries and is expected to grow to 2% by 2020 (UNEP, 2007). The quantities of e-waste are predicted to grow substantially in future both in industrialized countries and in developing countries, with the potential to triple their e-waste by 2010 (UNEP, 2008) which is no exemption for Malaysia. With manufacturers continue to update and invented new electrical and electronic equipments, this has caused the lifespan of old product tend to decrease and this also becoming one of the factor contributes to the rapid growing of waste in today world. Statistics on the total quantity of e-waste generated per year in Malaysia is indistinguishable. However, e-waste generation is directly related to number of appliances used in the country (IMPAK, 2006). Table 1 shows the amount in unit on electrical and electronic product in Malaysia for year 2003. Table 1: The amount of electrical and electronic product for year 2003 Product Amount (Unit) Computer 4, 183,684 Mobile Phones 11,124,000 Television 4.500,000 Radio 9,400,000 Refrigerator 3,500,000 Data source: Era Hijau, 2008, Department of Environment With the growth of electrical or electronic equipments consumed in this country, the management of waste will be a key issue that needs to be urgently addressed especially in e-waste management. The problems that can be identified are the absence of proper mechanism and standards of disposal where it often end up in the waste streams either through recycling or landfill (ToxicLink, 2003). It can be assumed that the disposal of obsolete electrical and electronic products is fundamentally driven by the production of new ones where it implies that the growth in global electronic production of 4.4% in 2002, 6.8% in 2003 will result in similar growth in e-waste management (William, 2005). Without proper management system especially in disposal processes, hazardous materials contained in e-waste can be release into the environment and this will potentially give adverse effect to human health (M. Macauley, 2003). Therefore, it is very important to have a better e-waste management in order t o reduce it effects to both human health and environmental ecosystem in the future. Current status of E-waste management in Malaysia Developing countries usually lack of proper storage spaces or disposal area for e-waste causing their e-waste mixed in domestic landfill, burned with household waste or stored in the attic for years. This problem also occur in Malaysia where most of e-waste end up in landfill as there is no mechanism of proper recycling or safe disposal. The disposal of e-waste in uncontrolled way can pose risk to environment and human health where there are growing of e-waste winding up unnoticed in landfill (NST, 2007). Besides that, many facilities are unable to process e-waste due to constraints in space and handling problem (EQR, 2006). The existing collection and disposal system is inadequate in handling such wastes. This is because the management of e-waste is different with management of solid waste. According to D.S Khetriwal (2007), conventional waste management policies suited to handle traditional waste types and cannot be applied in the case of e-waste due to its characteristic which con tains both highly toxic substances as well as valuable materials which can be recovered. Malaysia already has existing regulation on scheduled wastes where e-waste were categorized under SW110 in First Scheduled of Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulation 2005, but this regulation not directly dealing with e-waste from household. Currently, there is no mechanism of proper segregation or disposal system to encourage public recycle and discard e-waste. The continue generation of e-waste over time, together with lack of structured mechanism of institutional framework and inadequate infrastructure causing e-waste management not well set up. Even though at present electrical or electronic appliances are rarely disposed of inadequate manner, but with little regulation in place, this has created hazards to local populations, as well as to the environment. Study area and data collection The number of electrical or electronic industries in Malaysia is rising. Thus, increased in the consumption of electrical and electronic products is due to its utility in our everyday life. This indirectly explained why the numbers of electrical and electronic waste is increasing. As the urbanization continues to take place, the management of waste is a major public health and environment concern in urban areas of many developing countries. The concern is serious, particularly in the capital cities. Therefore Shah Alam, Selangor is chosen as the starting point for the research. Shah Alam is the capital city for the State of Selangor where it consists of well planned and modern town with the state administrative centre in a spacious and pleasant environment. Shah Alam is an urban city in Petaling and Klang District which is located about 25 kilometres (15 miles) west of the countrys capital, Kuala Lumpur. In 1978, it replaced Kuala Lumpur as the capital city of the State of Selangor due to Kuala Lumpurs incorporation into a Federal Territory in 1974. Shah Alam was the first planned city in Malaysia after independence in 1957. Shah Alam has a similar urban layout to Petaling Jaya and Subang Jaya with housing areas occupying most of the city (55.2  km ²) and commercial centres scattered around the different seksyen (sections). There are about 56 sections in total within 24 zones. Shah Alam is the State of Selangor capital city, has experienced a rapid urbanization and industrialization in the last decade. Urban area where chosen because of the highest communication services are concentrated in urban areas compare to rural areas and most of the development still concentrated in urban areas. The production of E-waste in this area can be assumed as quite high and the management of E-waste by waste generators, recyclers and disposal are crucial. Figure 3.2 shows amount of E-waste generated in Shah Alam is the highest compare to others area in the State of Selangor. Figure 3.2 Amount of e-waste generated in Selangor Area in 2009 Source: DOE Shah Alam report, 2009 Personal interview were conducted with relevant stakeholder that consist of regulatory framework government officials responsible for E-waste management process, as well as senior managers within the E-waste recycling industries (SW. Chung, R.Murakami-Suzuki, 2008) in Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. As this is exploratory research, many stakeholders have been approached and interviews were conducted to obtain the understanding on e-waste management issues and problem, opinions and their view. Before meeting the respondents, information has been searched for knowing the involvement of stakeholders in the e-waste management (M. Schluep et al., 2008). The interviews were conducted with stakeholders that were responsible with the management of e-waste in Shah Alam and also directly involved in e-waste management in Malaysia. On the other hand, the respondent were chosen based on convenience sampling where only person that willing to cooperate in this study will be interviewed. This type o f sampling technique was chosen due to limited time and finance. After the interview, the interviews are transcribed and the transcript of each interview was sent back to the interviewee (s) for comment and further questions (P. Manomaivibool, 2009). Secondary data was extracted from a collection of key documents. These documents were collected through library and document searches from many stakeholders including government agencies, industry and business. Collections of key documents consist of documents in the form of publications such as reports, journals, books, and internets. The data gathers are source from report of e-waste inventory project in Malaysia, annual publication of IMPAK magazine by Department of Environment (DOE), Malaysia and environmental quality report of DOE, Malaysia. The data presented in this paper derived mostly from the secondary sources of various literatures and interview with main stakeholders in e-waste management were conducted in order to understand the current issue and problem in e-waste management in Shah Alam, Selangor and Malaysia generally. Trend of e-waste generation Figure 1: Quantities of e-waste generated in Selangor, Malaysia Table 1: Number of e-waste contractors in Selangor, Malaysia. 2007 2008 2009 Number of contractor in Selangor 27 28 27 Data source: DOE, Selangor report, 2007, 2008, and 2009. In the e-waste inventory project of Malaysia report, e-waste is expected to increase in five year ahead and further. This is because at that time the level of public awareness regarding e-waste is increasing due to e-waste had become an important environment issues in 21st century. The other factor that may contribute to the increase of e-waste is due to technologies advancement where people lifestyle change where the replacement of old product with new ones that much better, affordable and easy to use in the future. Even nowadays people are depending on gadgets such as computers and mobile phones in communicating with people around the world. This data only reflects the e-waste that is collected as disassembled components from industries (Malaysia Inventory Report, Accessed on 11/10/2009). Data on quantities of e-waste generated in Shah Alam were gathered from inventory recorded by e-waste contractors for Department of Environment, Selangor using a consignment notes. The increase of e-waste quantities generated give impact to the management of e-waste. The main objective in e-waste management is to reduce the e-waste generated from ending up in landfill site and to reduce the cost of managing e-waste where it contain both highly toxic substances and valuable materials. In 2005, Malaysia has issue e-waste as an environmental concern and marked it as new category of scheduled wastes. Before Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulation 2005, there are no regulations for e-waste but in Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulation 1986, the discarded batteries containing lead, mercury, nickel or lithium from battery manufacturing plants are coded under scheduled waste S271. However, E-waste is defined as used electrical and electronic equipments categories as scheduled waste in First Schedule of Environment (Scheduled Wastes) Regulation 2005 and been coded as SW110 after takes effect on 15 August 2005. When e-waste become new category of scheduled waste in Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulation 2005, contractors in Selangor that involved in e-waste recycling and processing are bound to obtain license from Department of Environment, Selangor. With the enforcement of EQSWR 2005, the activity of e-waste inventory were carrying out by DOE, Selangor began in 2007. The number of e-waste contractors license under DOE is about 27 contractors in 2007 and 28 contractors in 2008 but reduce back to 27 contractors in 2009. There are two factors contribute to this reduction; firstly because of economy crisis in 2008 and effected e-waste generated in 2009. This has show in the graph where the amount of e-waste generated in 2008 decrease from 10916 MT/year to 10369 MT/year in 2009. From the literatures sources, when the economic crisis happens, firstly affected is the electronic industry. As a result, the production of electronic product decreasing as well as the quantities of e-waste generated. And secondly because of competition between these contractors result in some of them become passive and some are active. Moreover too many players but the volume e-waste collected is not enough and the high costs for e-waste become a burden to these e-waste contractors. Also according DOE Shah Alam officer, they do not have any data or quantity for each e-waste generated. For this time being, the only data exist is for the whole of SW110 wastes. Figure 1: Quantities of e-waste generated in Shah Alam, Selangor Table 2: Amount of e-waste (MT/year) generates and number of e-waste contractor in Shah Alam, Selangor. 2007 2008 2009 Number of contractor in Shah Alam 9 10 12 Data Data source: DOE, Selangor report, 2007, 2008, and 2009. E-waste generation is different with other hazardous household waste and scheduled waste generated by industries and business sources. The generation is not regular. Its depending on how the individual handle they product during the equipment working lifespan. There are no reports on types of e-waste generated from household as this waste end up mixed with other waste goes to landfill or informally handle by illegal collectors or scrap collectors. Malaysia has issue e-waste as an environmental concern and marked it as new category of scheduled wastes in 2005. Before Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulation 2005 takes effect, there are no regulations for e-waste. However in the Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulation 1986, the discarded batteries containing lead, mercury, nickel or lithium from battery manufacturing plants are coded under scheduled waste S271 [12]. However, E-waste is defined as used electrical and electronic equipments categories as scheduled waste in First Schedule of Environment (Scheduled Wastes) Regulation 2005 and been coded as SW110 after takes effect on 15 August 2005. When e-waste become new category of scheduled waste in Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulation 2005, contractors in Selangor that wanted to involved in e-waste recycling and processing are bound to obtain license from Department of Environment, Selangor. With the enforcement of EQSWR 2005, the activity o f e-waste inventory were carrying out by DOE, Selangor began in 2007. Figure 1 show that the amount of e-waste generated in Shah Alam is increasing from 5331 MT/year in 2007 to 5388 MT/year in 2009. Amount of e-waste collected by e-waste contractors in Shah Alam is assumed to be all or major portion of e-waste generated in Shah Alam eventually goes to the nearby recyclers and or disposal facilities. However, the generation of e-waste depends on the consumption and production of electrical or electronic product in that year. Currently, the number of e-waste contractors in Shah Alam was increase from only 9 contractors in 2007 to 12 contractors in 2009 as showed in Table 2 where it consist of one full recovery facility and other is partial recovery facilities. However, there are still unknown and unlicensed contractors in Shah Alam operating e-waste collection, recycling and processing. One of the identify company is Scrap Computer Trading Sdn Bhd that located in Shah Alam area. The increase quantities of e-waste each years and without proper management system especially during disposal process, the hazardous materials contain can release into the environment will potentially give adverse effect to human health [15]. In the e-waste inventory project of Malaysia report, e-waste is expected to increase in five year ahead and further. This is because at that time the level of public awareness regarding e-waste is increasing due to e-waste had become an important environment issues in 21st century. The other factor that may contribute to the increase of e-waste is due to technologies advancement where people lifestyle change where the replacement of old product with new ones that much better, affordable and easy to use in the future. Even nowadays people are depending on gadgets such as computers and mobile phones in communicating with people around the world. This data only reflects the e-waste that is collected as disassembled components from industries (Malaysia Inventory Report, Accessed on 11/10/2009). Data on quantities of e-waste generated in Shah Alam were gathered through inventory recorded by e-waste contractors for Department of Environment, Selangor using a consignment notes. The increase of e-waste quantities generated give impact to the management of e-waste. The main objective in e-waste management is to reduce the e-waste generated from ending up in landfill site and to reduce the cost of managing e-waste where it contain both highly toxic substances and valuable materials. Current Status on E-waste management in Shah Alam, Selangor Shah Alam is one of well planned city; the residential areas were located on the site of federal highway and industrial zone on the other. Table 3 shows the e-waste generators, type of e-waste collected by e-waste collectors in Shah Alam, Selangor. Generators in Shah Alam consist of electrical and electronic manufacturers, assemblers, individual consumers, government organizations, corporate users such as banking sectors, etc. Table 3: E-waste generators, type of e-wastes and e-waste collectors in Shah Alam, Selangor. E-waste generators Type of E-waste E-waste collector Manufacturing Industries Disassemblies such as metal scrap, ICT board, rejected wires, etc License e-waste contractor under Department of Environment Government organization, institution Whole unit of e-wastes such as computers, telephone, printers, etc Alam Flora Sdn Bhd; License e-waste contractor under Department of Environment Individual households, publics Sub-unit of e-waste or whole unit of e-waste Shah Alam City Council (MBSA) Types of e-waste generated depend on type of generator and each quantity generated or collected are different from each other. E-waste generate from multinational electrical and electronic manufacturing industries such as Panasonic Sdn Bhd, JVC (M) Sdn Bhd and larger business such as banking sectors, ICT sectors, etc are well collected by licensed contractors. However e-waste generated by individual household uncommonly collected because of quantities of e-waste produce is in small amount. This is because individual households not are regular generator for e-waste compare to business. According to Macauley et al 2003, generally electronics wastes generated by businesses more homogeneous which are comprise of large quantities than electrical waste generated by households [13]. Consignment Notes (Inventory Track System) Sell to other recyclers or local/domestic market Partial Recovery Facilities Licence Collector Generator Kualiti Alam Sdn Bhd Full recovery facilities Disposal of e-waste residue Treatment Alam Flora Sdn Bhd, Local Authority Collect from the public Recyclable materials such as metals scraps and plastic scraps Unlicensed collector Unknown 2nd raw materials Sell to the manufacturers Figure 2: E-waste management in Shah Alam, Selangor E-waste management practice in Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia E-waste collection E-waste management in Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia is summarized in Figure 2 above from the waste generation until the disposal of the waste. E-waste derived from manufacturers usually consists of disassembled components such as plastic scraps, metal parts and wires which are collected mostly by license e-waste contractors. E-waste generate from domestic area were collected by waste concessionaires such as Alam Flora Sdn Bhd, Solid Waste Management Sdn Bhd. According to Alam Flora officer, they have launched a campaign for collection of e-waste from the public started in year 2006 and focuses only to the unit of computer waste. However for e-wastes collected from the domestic areas will not undergo any separation process because absence of segregation facility and therefore e-wastes collected will be sent straight to landfill site. Alam Flora Sdn Bhd does not provide any facility related to collection of schedule wastes and metals because the value for recycling materials is low and the cost for it proper management is high compare to management of conventional wastes. For Shah Alam residents that wanted to discard their E-waste, Alam Flora also provided call and pick up services. Shah Alam City Council (MBSA) is a local authority in Shah Alam has involved in 3Rs campaign but they focus is not specifically on e-waste. MBSA do not send e-waste to the landfill but e-waste collected to recycling center for further disposal. MBSA indirectly involved in e-waste management for Shah Alam. MBSA has provided a recycling center for Shah Alam community to dispose their bulky wastes and recyclable wastes that include e-wastes. This recycling center known as Shah Alam Recycling Center located in Sekyen 17, Shah Alam, Selangor. With the initiatives located by MBSA to this community; it can be a starting point for e-waste from households to be managed properly. E-waste recycling At present, there are about 12 licensed e-waste contractors in Shah Alam which are responsible in collecting and recycling e-waste. According to DOE of Shah Alam, Shah Alam has 11 registered e-waste contractors with only one company having full recovery licenses. The listed e-waste contractor can be found at DOE website. The rest with partial recovery licenses only allowed carrying out collection, disassembly, segregation, and packing. However, only approved full recovery licenser is allowed to conduct precious metal recovery by utilizing chemicals and electrolysis processes. E-waste collected were dismantled and separated into various part or components which also consist of recyclable and non-recyclable items. The recyclable item usually after processing will be packed for resale locally or export to other countries. Sometimes the recyclable part or component will be distributed to other companies for reuse. E-waste collected by license contractor will be further send whether to partial recovery facilities or directly to full recovery facilities. Partial recovery e-waste contractor also act as a middleman in collecting e-waste from the generators. Usually they used their own transportation to collect e-waste from the waste generators according to tender sign. Recycling process that carry out in partial recovery facilities include manually dismantle into part or component and segregate them into recyclable or non recyclable components. Type of component that usually can be extracting from e-waste is metal scraps such as cooper, steel and aluminum. For plastic scrap usually this type of waste will be sold to other recyclers from domestic market or local market as secondary raw materials. However, for material that had been separate, sorted and crushed in partial recovery facility still considered as scheduled wastes where it need to further treated at prescribed premises. At full recovery facilities, they provide services where most of the item will be recovered for better end products. Beside physical treatment process, chemical treatment (stripping) will be used in order to minimize waste from ending up in landfill sites. The products from e-waste recovery become secondary raw materials for other uses in manufacturing sectors. Disposal of E-waste E-waste generate in electrical and electrical industry were mostly disposed in the provide bins as either provided by the waste generator or the waste contractor depend on types of E-waste disposed. With the structure mechanism of E-waste management by the industries, the waste disposed is recorded using consignment notes where the quantities of E-waste produced is inventory. Some of non recyclable part or component of E-waste will be treated either in full recovery facilities or disposed at Kualiti Alam facilities. DOE also has given license to Kualiti Alam in collecting e-waste as they are one of the responsible agencies in Malaysia that handle scheduled wastes. The final product of e-waste recovery is the e-waste residues. These residues will be sent to sanitary landfill in Bukit Nanas together with other wastes that are not recyclable and non hazardous for further disposal processes. Obstacles in e-waste management Data from the interview are analyzed. During the analysis, code were renames, clustered and group into four issues and problem discussed by the respondents about e-waste management. In the management aspect, e-waste is very complex because of it tendency to cause serious environmental problem in developing countries as in Malaysia. Obstacle identified is technical issues, lack of trained personal, legislation, financial, infrastructure and awareness. Technical Issues The waste generators were responsible with the management of their own scheduled waste include e-waste. Unlike solid waste management where theres by now have a structured mechanism. According to [name must not be reveal], the volume of the electrical and electronic waste is depends on the EE production and current economy status. Another problem is they cannot afford for the other technology or equipment to process electrical and electronic waste except man power. However, there also some manufacturers in Selangor still selling e-waste to unlicensed collector or recycler because the price offer is high. E-waste contractors in Selangor, mostly collect e-waste from EEE industry but not for household e-waste. Lack of improper e-waste disposal, this is because the waste generators do not have suitable places to dispose their waste. In Malaysia, there are still small number of facilities who involves with e-waste processing and recovery. Waste collected from manufacturers or large business were dismantle and separate into various parts and components for resale or recycle or recovery locally while household e-wastes were discarded in municipal bins and disposed off in landfill. Lacking of environmental standards and advanced recycling technologies where most of partial recoveries adopted very simple and uncultured methods in order to achieve higher return as much as possible. From the interview conducted with the partial recovery companies, there are two reasons the collectors cannot afford for a better recycling technologies; a) The equipment is too expensive and; b) The volume of e-waste is small while there are a numbers of collectors out there. If they bought the facilities, it will was te their time and money just like the incinerator case. Currently as in Selangor and Malaysia as general, e-waste were collected while only precious metals are extracted. The recycling processes usually have low recycling rates as for the informal sector where the major thrust for recycling is precious material extraction due to which the other hazardous components are usually dumped in landfill and fate sometimes unknown. However for the formal recycling units the efficiency is less as the collections targets are not met and lack of efficient technologies. According to Dato Nadzri Yahaya, theres an informal sector is going-on where they involved in collecting e-waste dumps with other household waste. The garbage contractors with they own initiative will informally sort out waste that can be recycle such as plastics, aluminum, e-waste, etc before other non-recyclables waste sent to the landfill sites. However, disposal of E-waste from household is an issue where these wastes dispose in the municipal bins together with other wastes as there is still no segregation unlicensed collector where they collect this waste and process only certain part or compo nent of E-waste and treatment for others is unknown. Even the television for example put together with other waste outside the resident premises, after couple of hours, the waste gone and the fate of the waste is unidentified. Financial Issue There is not much to discuss about financial issues because this paper focus more to management per se. In Malaysia, E-waste has been treated same as scheduled waste except it is not to dangerous and contaminated if directly contact with this wastes. Currently, there is no financial scheme or initiatives given to the e-waste recyclers by government. According to officer from Kualiti Kitar Alam, the recyclers especially scrap collector that not control or license under DOE buy e-waste from waste generators with high price and the treatment for the waste collected by this parties is unknown. Sometimes, most of the waste contractors consist of illegal contractors or recyclers. Legislation Issue Malaysia already has existing regulation on scheduled wastes where e-waste were categorized under SW110 in First Scheduled of Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulation 2005, but this regulation not directly dealing with e-waste from household. Currently, there is no mechanism of proper segregation or disposal system to encourage public recycle and discard e-waste. The continue generation of e-waste over time, together with lack of structured mechanism of institutional framework and inadequate infrastructure causing e-waste management not well set up. Even though at present electrical or electroni

Controversial novels Essay

Argued to be one of Hardy’s most controversial novels, published in 1891 during an era when the underprivileged classes of society, were submissive to superstitious beliefs in particular those such as luck spiritual beings and ultimately fate which were the foundations of lower class civilisation, Tess of the D’Urbervilles presents a story of Fate toying with the life of the Heroine Tess. Fate is an influential part of the plot because it is what dictates her life. Events in the beginning of the novel begin a domino effect that cannot be reverse, thus Her fate is already chosen and all she can do is live through the events that happen to her. Whilst Walkers Colour purple is written during an era of gender social and racial inequalities narrated through Celie whose life consisting of an abundance of obstacles refuses to give into the Fate which determined the lives of poor uneducated black females during the 1930s. What exactly is Fate, is it in our personalities, actions and character or are our lives controlled by a supposed force or power which predetermines events in our life’s, meaning regardless of what we do we are unable to change our destiny. This theme is explored thoroughly by Thomas Hardy through his heroine Tess who is portrayed as a victim of fate throughout the novel, chance and coincidence bring about disasters in the novel that we can claim occur due to fate, it appears the main characters are subject to forces beyond their control. The author employs a very fatalistic plot throughout the novel making Tess endure whatever is thrown at her . In the first chapter of the book the horse Prince dies, this is seen as Tess’ fault as she falls as sleep due to being exhausted, this happens at night when the weather is very depressed. Hardy uses pathetic fallacy by claiming the ‘atmosphere’ was pale, this makes the reader feel tension and also an expectation of tragedy . This scene is similar to that of the one at the chase when Alec finds Tess unconscious and may have raped her which is ultimately up to speculation. It is clear that Hardy uses the death of prince to create a sense of foreboding as this episode and the one at the chase are extremely similar, on both occasions Tess has fallen asleep due to tiredness and also the weather is used as an indication for what is to follow. From this we can question whether these events are down to fate and also ask if Hardy pre-determines Tess’ fate and future through her early actions thus her future is unalterable so there is nothing she can do to change. This has lead to the critic The Irvine Howe has writing: ‘May we see her purely as a victim, like the white horse, the pheasants, the animals who are killed at harvest time? Hers is a poor wounded name’ This supports The interpretation that Tess’ life was controlled by Fate the just like the events in the novel such as the horses death and the death of the pheasants which all acted as a sense of foreboding and events which pre determine Tess death. Towards the latter stages of the novel during chapter 46, Hardy again emphasises the significant role Fate has played in Tess’ life and misfortunes. Firstly at the bottom of page 320 Tess states†¦ â€Å"How can I pray for you?†¦ When I am forbidden to believe that the great power who moves the world would alter his plans on my account? † Tess is telling Alec that she has lost her belief in God as her prayers do not move him. Therefore she is indicating this is happening because God already has his plans made and what she wants makes no difference because she is not important enough for him to change them, thus empowering the element of Fate and it’s restrictions on her ability to change. Alice Walker, author of ‘The Colour Purple’ approaches the theme of Fate and destiny in a similar way to Hardy to a certain extent, in ‘The Colour Purple’ the character Celie goes through a series of events at the beginning of the novel, she is raped by her father on several occasions is forced to give away the children that she conceived through him then her sister Nettie is forced to leave the home in which Celie lives due to her Husband Mr†¦ , but later on in the novel we learn that Nettie is now living with the family that adopted her sister’s children. This shows that Alice Walker purposely portrayed Celie’s life as a victim of Fate, but gives her character an opportunity to resist this fate which results in a positive outcome for Celie. Its possible to say that Walker highlights the fact that although we may be victims of Fate we are able to control this Fate and our, she does this by showing that Celie is in fact not a victim of fate and unlike Tess her own actions are what allow her to change her destiny. We can say this because Celie confides in God through her letters, giving her hope and belief and she restrains herself from killing the man who has brought her pain and suffering, Mr†¦ , unlike Tess . Celies ability to change and prevent Fate from controlling her life is ultimately down to the letters she writes to God, she tells her sister Nettie†¦ â€Å"Long as I can spell G-o-d I got somebody along† She believes she is never alone or hopeless as long as she has God in her life, writing to God gives her hope, this hope is what helps her overcome the negative aspects of her Fatalistic path that seemed as though her life would be controlled by abusive males that would drive her to murder her husband just like Tess did. On the other hand Tess’ Fate is once again predetermined by Hardy in chapter 41 when she stumbles upon dying pheasents and puts them out of their misery by bringing their inevitable deaths to an end prematurely†¦ â€Å"Poor darlings-to suppose myself the most miserable being on earth in the sight o’ such misery as yours! † she exclaimed, her tears running down as she killed the birds tenderly. † This Fatalistic event represents Tess’ destiny as she to will die due to her neck breaking as she will later be hung, Hardy uses this sense of foreboding once again signifying the belief that her character is her Fate, she is unable to change this, nothing she does will alter it. Similarly but with a contrasting outcome, in Colour Purple Fate re-emerges as killin Mr†¦ begins to dawn on Celies mind. â€Å"How I’m gon keep from killing him†¦ Naw I think I feel better if I kill him, I say I feels sickish. Numb, now. † Mr†¦ has abused Celie to the extent that she contemplates killing him, at this stage of the book readers are likely to speculate whether Fate has chosen this path for Tess, is this her destiny? Will she have to emulate Tess’ action to end her misfortunes? Or will she be able to alter her Fate through her hope in God and rational actions? Although she doesn’t go on to murder Mr†¦ , through God and her companion Celie she finds the courage to speak up against Mr†¦ and leave him, ultimately changing her Fate which is something Tess was unable to do†¦ â€Å"You a low down dog is what’s wrong. It’s time to leave you and enter into the creation. And your dead body just the welcome mat I need. † Here Walker shows her strength and courage obtained through her hope in God. The authors use of foreboding throughout the novel can be seen as a representative of fate, Hardy believed that what happened to us was a product of our personality, class, status and the way in which we view life therefore Tess’ pride and her concern for Angels reputation after he leaves her prevents her from seeking help at an early stage of her troubles can be seen as her own actions but in Hardy’s view our own actions were down to fate , she ends up confiding in Alec which leads to disaster. From this we can question whether Tess’ actions lead to her downfall or was it Fate? This is demonstrated at the beginning of the final paragraph, hardy writes†¦ † ‘Justice’ was done, the president of immortals had ended his sport with Tess. † Hardy is telling us Fate has finished playing with its victim, Tess. He may have done this to further draw attention to his beliefs that we are subject to a immoral force beyond our control that we are forced to endure and that religion does not have bearing on any events in our life. This is a viewpoint that was developed by critic Irving Howe who too believed Tess’ fate had already been predetermined, Proposing this is why Hardy named the final phase of the novel ‘fulfilment’. Furthermore, another way Hardy depicts Tess as a victim of Fate is through the language he uses, particularly in the last phase of the novel as he named it ‘fulfilment’ thus this is a play on words as we are left to question what has been fulfilled. It is possible to say Hardy believed Fate had been fulfilled it had played it’s role in bringing Tess to her tragic downfall. Walker presents Celie as a victim of Fate like Hardy does Tess, however Walker stresses the point that we are able to change our Fate and destiny, this is significant as the colour purple which is the colour of the purple flowers represent spirituality & hope. She is almost trying to convey the message that, Fate can be overcome as long as hope is present, where as Hardy purposely doesn’t give Tess any chance of overcoming her Fate, he deliberately does this to assert his negative view on religion, Walker gives her character hope through God, this is what enables Celie to overcome her so called ‘Fate’ or ‘Destiny’ whilst Hardy’s pessimistic belief of religion deters him from doing this. Through his novels Hardy repeatedly articulated that chance and coincidence that bring about disaster are ultimately Fate, thus he empowers his belief through Tess that characters are subject to forces beyond their control. This is similar to another of his novels, ‘The Return of the Native. ‘ Throughout The Return of the Native bad things happen to good people, this is a depiction of his atheist perception that God does not exist and if there is a God it is lacking in morals, because good people, such as Tess are the victims of bad events and tragedy in life due to Fate. Like Hardy himself said†¦ ‘Once a victim, always a victim of fate. ‘

Energy and Society Essay

Energy is a vital aspect in human life. Ever since the dawn of human civilization, energy has also been there to support survival and foster development and progress. The human society’s survival is greatly dependent on the energy that is abundantly present in the environment and this is evidently supported by many historical events such as the discovery of fire and the discovery of fossil fuel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ever since humankind discovered the availability of energy learned ways of using it for their advantage, society’s development in every aspect never stopped. They continue to discover different forms of energy and harness its power and transform it to significant form to fuel their machineries and every activity. Thus, society has indeed becomes dependent with energy in every aspect making it an important component in life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is an evident fact that energy and its usage are present in all aspect of society’s life. Considering economic, energy is a moving factor in the international market making it a common good between the country’s trade relationships. This energy in economic is often manifest in the form of fossil fuels such as oil, gasoline and coal. In addition to those, electricity’s economic value and significance is also firmly accelerating because of the its vital usage in economic aspects such as manufacturing and production. Also, since the society’s trends at the present become electrical and computerized, electrical energy and its market are rapidly expanding thus increasing further its value.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Energy also plays an important part to the basic activities of the societies such as transportation, food production and even in leisure and entertainment. Common transportation modes at the present use fossil fuels and electricity for their energy source. These transportation modes are very vital to the society because human mobility, exploration, food distribution and others depend greatly on it. Food production also uses energy such to fuel the machineries that humanity uses to hasten their productivity thus increasing their food availability. Leisure and entertainment also at the present depends greatly on energy because it has developed to become electronic and computerized in nature as favored by the present trend in the society. Politics and warfare also in international and local grounds has been innovated to use energy in different forms such as electric, fossil, chemical and nuclear to become its main fuel source. All of these society’s activities involve the usage of energy thus the demand for it greatly increases in every moment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since the society’s demand for energy continues to increase, they have developed means to accelerate its production to satisfy their demand for it.   Humanity developed way to source out energy from various environmental means such as the thermal energy, solar energy, wind energy and nuclear energy. All of these major source and other minor ones with also valuable contributions continue to supply humanity’s needs for energy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, energy already became an important part of the society as their ally in their development and progress. However, energy also posts certain risks in the society like a double- edged blade. Energy can foster life and society’s growth but its improper usage and uncontrollably craving can also result to dire consequences posing harm and even death to the people who utilized and developed its potential.

Communism And Communism In Arthur Millers The Crucible

According to Mao Zedong , communism is not love. Communism is a hammer used to crush the enemy (â€Å"Communist†). Moreover, Communism is a political theory derived from the renowned philosopher Karl Marx. He believes that the government should divide the land equally, and pay people according to their abilities and needs (â€Å"Communism†). As the Cold War intensified in the 1950s, the hysteria of the perceived threat posed by communist became known as The Red Scare (â€Å"Red†). Similar to, in 1953, Arthur Miller an American playwright, scripted the play titled â€Å"The Crucible†. The McCarthy hearings of the 1950s inspired the notable play. Consequently, after the hearing, McCarthyism became a vociferous campaign carried out by Senator Joseph†¦show more content†¦To refine, Red comes from the prominent color of the Soviet Union flag, while Scare comes from the simple fact that Americans are fearful that the system of Communism would spre ad to the United States. If this was the situation put in the Americans lap, innocents would be accused by anti-Communist because of simple actions that reflected communist views. Surprisingly, The United States government significantly involved themselves in The Red Scare. In addition, The most important crusader against communism was the American politician, Senator Joseph McCarthy. McCarthy sets the ejection of communist as his main priority. Inadequately, he used intimidating tactics and hearsays to get his information. Inconsistently, McCarthy often had scarce evidence when he accused people of working for the Soviet Union and partaking in communist activities. Evidently, he ruined many peoples careers and lives before other leaders in the Congress could end his unjustful ways (â€Å"The†). To note the similarity, â€Å"The Crucible† was an analogy for a contemporary witch hunt in the McCarthy era. Millers play, The Crucible, was a comparison between the Salem Witchcraft Trials and The Red Scare, yet the idea was never directly displayed in his work. To add on, the timeline of the 1680s and 1690s witchery accusations was very similar to those of the 1920s Red Scare, communist accusations (â€Å"The’). Within The Crucible, people are beingShow MoreRelatedThe Crucible By Arthur Miller Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pagesplays that came from the 1950s was Arthur Miller’s The Crucible. During a time when the U.S. was worried of communism taking over, Miller released The Crucible, which helped to capture the hysteria that was occurring. The play presents itself as a metaphor for the House of Un-American Activities Committee that was created during the Cold War when communism was spreading, but Miller never actually referenced it in the play. Although Arthur Miller’s The Crucible is set in the late 1600s, it offersRead MoreFear of Witchcraft as Metaphor in The Crucible by Arthur Miller1161 Words   |  5 PagesFear of Witch craft as Metaphor in The Crucible   Ã‚  Ã‚   The Crucible uses fear of witchcraft in the America of the 1600s as a metaphor for the fear of communism that was widespread in America in the 1950s. Arthur Miller wished to show that the attitudes and behaviour of the villagers of Salem were as irrational and ill-founded as the attitude and behaviour of the committee chaired by Senator McCarthy. Essentially Miller uses the 17th century setting to provide critical distance between theRead More McCarthyism versus The Crucible by Arthur Miller Essay example1174 Words   |  5 Pagesby Senator Joseph McCarthy (McCarthyism). The United States pledged to contain the spread of communism globally, as well as locally, and did what it could to keep this promise. Americans began to fear that communism was leaking into the media, government, arts, schools, and other areas. This was called the Red Scare (Brinkley). One writer that used this era as a basis for his play, The Crucible, was Arthur Miller. He was able to capture t he panic and mere insanity of many Americans in an allegoricalRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller841 Words   |  4 PagesThe Crucible is a chaotic play, throughout this American classic Arthur Miller takes the reader through multiple events of terror and insanity. While creating a great on-stage play, Arthur Miller portrays his life through the events, the characters, and plot of The Crucible. Using vivid imagery and comprehensible symbolism, Miller manipulates the real personalities of the characters and events in 1600 Salem, Massachusetts to create a symbolic autobiography. Throughout this play, the reader experiencesRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1355 Words   |  6 PagesProving a point was a necessity for Arthur Miller during the 1950’s, and he proves his point through The Crucible, a play about the Salem Witch Trials. Miller attacks the red scare, which was a time of fear of communism growing in America, and proves the how similar the two events were, and h ow they are important. As a political allegory of the red scare, Miller’s relatively accurate comparison between the red scare and the Salem Witch Trials through The Crucible demonstrates the theme of subjectiveRead MoreThe Witch Hunt in The Crucible and During the Time of McCarthyism1356 Words   |  6 Pages In this essay, I intend to analyse the historical context of The Crucible and its relevance in today’s society. I believe that Arthur Miller’s life and his experience of McCarthyism strongly influenced the writing of The Crucible. McCarthyism, named after Joseph McCarthy was a period of intense anti-communism, which occurred in the United States from 1948 to about 1956. During this time the government of the United States persecuted the Communist party USA, its leadership, and many others suspectedRead MoreSimilarities Between The Crucible And Mccarthyism812 Words   |  4 PagesCommunism. Witchcraft. These two highly controversial topics are either feared or adored by people. There are numerous similarities and differences between both, yet one thing is prominent: they both incite hysteria. The Crucible by Arthur Miller is an allegorical play mirroring 1950’s America during the Red Scare. â€Å"McCarthyism† is the act of accusing someone of an act of treason without substantial evidence. It relies on the uncertainty and the fear of the unknown among people, which in turn, incitesRead MoreThe Effectiveness of the Closing Scene of Arthur Millers The Crucible973 Words   |  4 PagesThe Effective ness of the Closing Scene of Arthur Millers The Crucible Arthur Miller was born in 1915 and was only fourteen years of age at the time of the Wall Street crash, this clearly affected his life. His plays often concentrated upon contemporary society and problems it may face. This is why at first sight The Crucible seems to break this mould, instead of a play showing contemporary society; it concerns a study in the mass hysteria which led to the 1692 Salem witchcraft Read MoreArthur Miller Criticism913 Words   |  4 Pages Arthur Miller is a highly distinguished author. He is considered by many to be one of Americas greatest writers. As distinguished a writer he is, Miller deserves to be selected for a spot in the prestigious American Author Hall of Fame. 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